Organic fraction

Incineration Incineration has been used to reduce the volume of sludge after dewatering. The organic fractions in sludges lend themselves to incineration if the sludge does not have an excessive water content. Multiple-hearth and flmd-bed incinerators have been extensively used for sludge combustion. 

The organic fractions are combined and washed successively with N,N-dimethyl-1,3-propane-diamine, dilute hydrochloric acid, saturated sodium bicarbonate solution and saturated sodium chloride solution. The organic fraction is dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate. The solvent is then evaporated off. Upon trituration of the residue with methanol, a solid crystallizes, 5-(p-toluovl)-1 -methvlpvrrole-2-acetonitrile, which is removed by filtration and purified by recrystallization from benzene. 

Analysis of sulfonic acid species in sulfonated olefins. Kupfer and Kuenzler [108] reported the determination of acid species following partition between a 6.5% hydrochloric acid solution in 40% ethanol and a 1 1 (v/v) propan-2-ol-hexane mixture. The organic fraction contains alkenesulfonic and hydroxy-alkanesulfonic acids and the aqueous phase disulfonic acids and sulfato-sulfonates. The monosulfonic acids were converted to methyl esters and separated by column chromatography. To determine sulfatosulfonates the aqueous fraction was hydrolyzed and then partitioned and chromatographed. The separation is controlled using IR spectroscopy. 

Human Bone—Extraction of the Organic Fraction and Amino Acid Analysis... 

Stable isotope analyses of the organic fraction of bone and of food samples was carried out on a Micromass Prism Mass Spectrometer in the Stable Isotope Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Calgary, under the direction of H.R. Krouse. Collagen samples were combusted in a Carlo Erba gas analyser which provides information on the carbon and nitrogen content of the samples andintroduces Nior CO gases into the mass spectrometer for analysis of nitrogen or carbon stable isotopes, respectively. 

Stable Isotope Analysis, Bone Organic Fraction... 

DeNiro, M.J. and Weiner, S. 1988 Chemical, enzymatic and spectroscopic characterization of collagen and other organic fractions in prehistoric bone. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 52 2197-2206. 

This outcome was consistent with a hypothesis that structural deterioration could have been a byproduct of microorganism activity. The higher lipid content in the poorly preserved tissue suggests that those lipids are primarily extrinsic, that is, that they were produced by bacteria and/or fungi. As the food source for such microorganisms, the protein within the bone may have been substantially altered in concert with the microstructure deterioration. The quantification of the changes to the organic fraction became our next focus of research. 

Process Input Max. input Cl Gate fee ( ) Excl. collection /pretreatment (gate fee for a large scale plant in brackets) Status Products/fate 1. Organic fraction 2. Chlorine 3. Metals Capacity Future potential Remarks... 

Urine was analyzed for atrazine, DEA, DIA, and DACT at the O.I-IOO agkg concentration range but detailed recovery information was not provided. A 5-mE urine sample was mixed in a tube for 15 min with 5mE of diethyl ether and 0.7 g of sodium chloride. After separation of the layers, the aqueous fraction was mixed with 5 mL of ethyl acetate for a second partitioning step. The two organic fractions... 

Water is extracted by partitioning 100 mL of sample three times with 25-mL portions of dichloromethane. The organic fractions are pooled, dried through anhydrous sodium sulfate, and evaporated to dryness using a gentle stream of dry nitrogen gas. 

The residue is reconstituted to 1 inL in pentane-diethyl ether (19 1, v/v). This fraction is loaded on to a 15-cm bed of Florisil previously capped with 1 cm of anhydrous sodium sulfate and with pre-wetting of the column bed with pentane-diethyl ether (19 1, v/v). The vessel with the previously reconstituted fraction is rinsed twice each time with 1 mL of pentane-diethyl ether (19 1, v/v) and the rinsates are added to the Florisil column. The column is washed with lOmL of pentane-diethyl ether (19 1, v/v) and this fraction is discarded. The analyte is eluted with 25 mL of pentane-diethyl ether (19 1, v/v) and the eluate is collected in a K-D evaporator. A Vigreaux condenser is fitted and the organic fraction is evaporated to near dryness (the last traces of diethyl ether and pentane are removed using a gentle stream of dry nitrogen gas). The residue is reconstituted to 5 mL using toluene. 

General procedure for Suzuki coupling. 4-Bromoanisole (125 pL, 1 mmol), phenylboronic acid (186 mg, 1.5 mmol), K2CO3 (0.55 g, 4 mmol) and the BaCei.j,Pdj,03.j, catalyst were mixed in a 20 ruL scintillation vial. A preheated 2-propanol/water solution (IPA/H2O, 1 1 v/v, 12 ruL, 80°C) was added, the vial was immediately placed on a hot plate stirrer and its temperature was maintained at (80 1) °C. The reaction mixture was stirred at 1000 rpm for 3 min, then cooled to room temperature. The 4-methoxybiphenyl product was extracted with diethyl ether (3 x 15 ruL). The organic fractions were washed with deionized water and dried with MgS04. After filtration, volatiles were removed under reduced pressure to yield the isolated product. 

The remaining 240 ml of concentrated aqueous extract was adjusted to pH 2.5 with 2 N HC1 and partitioned three times with 240 ml of diethyl ether and then 240 ml of ethyl acetate. The organic fractions were combined and dried for 2 hr over MgSO and then filtered, dried in vacuo and reconstituted with 80 ml of diethyl ether ethyl acetate (1 1). 

The physical behavior of a chemical determines how the chemical partitions among the various environmental media and has a large effect on the environmental fate of a substance. For example, the release into soil of two different acids (with similar chemical behavior) may result in one chemical mainly volatilizing into the air and the other chemical becoming mainly sorbed to the organic fraction of the soil. The physical behavior of a substance therefore can have a large effect on the environmental fate of that substance. 

The primary active surface that interacts with the chemical in the sorption process has been shown to be the organic fraction of the soil(6-10). Therefore, the sorption characteristics of a chemical can be normalized to obtain sorption constant based on organic carbon (K ) which is essentially independent of any soil. 

Quality of RDF can be roughly evaluated by calorific value, ash content, water content, and chlorine and sulfur content. Table 5 presents the quality of RDF depending on several kinds of waste. The table shows that RDF from industrial waste has lower water content and higher heating value than from household or commercial waste. This is because of the low percentage of organic fraction. 

Manganese in uncontaminated Israeli arid soils is predominantly in the easily reducible oxide fraction (35-40% of the total-HN03 Mn), followed by the carbonate fraction (18-25%), and the residual fraction (14-25%) (Han and Banin, 1996) (Table 5.4). Manganese in the organic fraction amounts to 9-12% and in the reducible oxide fraction to 5-11%. The exchangeable fraction of Mn in the soils is very low. In the sludge-amended calcareous soils of Southeast Spain, the residual and the carbonate bound Mn fractions are the major solid-phase (Moral et al., 2005). In comparison, the Mn in fine-textured soils from the southeastern United States is... 

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