Carbonation measurement

CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY OF SOFT DRINKS AND FRUIT JUICES 

For our example, if the mixture pressure is taken as 4 bar, we can develop the following table  

The carbon dioxide pressure is only 3.6 bar. From the carbonation chart, assuming a temperature of 20 °C, the volumes carbonation at 4 bar would be 4.3 but only 4.1 at 3.6 bar. Hence, with the presence of ah we have lost 0.2 volumes carbonation. This is the maximum tolerance normally given for volumes carbonation during the manufacture of soft drinks. 

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Did Predicted collagen Measured collagen Predicted carbonate Measured carbonare... 

A simplest possible flow-model (Fig. 11.1) has been formulated to account for collagen and for bioapatite carbonate measurements, under conditions where the protein content in the diet is changing. Its predictions , in terms of the Dietary Isotope Fractionation Function (DIFF), have been made explicit. 

As for carbonate measurements, the model confirms that bioapatite-carbonate should exhibit a 8 C value offset from the average-ingested-diet by an amount equal to the isotopic equilibrium fractionation between carbonate and gaseous CO2. 

Birch RR, RJ Fletcher (1991) The application of dissolved inorganic carbon measurements to the study of... 

Knight BP, McGrath SP, Chaudri AM (1997) Biomass carbon measurements and substrate utilization patterns of microbial populations from soils amended with cadmium, copper, or zinc. Appl Environ Microbiol 63 39 43... 

Ogura and Hanya [62-65] investigated the components of the ultraviolet absorption in an attempt to devise a useful method for oceanic dissolved organic carbon measurements. They concluded that while the method might have limited application in coastal waters, most of the absorption in oceanic waters was due to the inorganic components, principally nitrate and bromide ions. 

McCarty GW, Reeves JB III, Reeves VB, Follett RF, Kimble JM. Mid-infrared and near-infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy for soil carbon measurement. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 2002 66 640-646. 

A separate and independent injection loop dispenses the sample for non-purgeable organic carbon measurements. 

Unattended operation possible, loop-sampler option autosampler printer, option inorganic, carbon, purgeable carbon, total carbon and total organic carbon measurements possible... 

This is a fully automated system capable of determining between lpg L 1 and 300pg L 1 total organic carbon. It is equipped with a 36-place autosampler, microprocessor and printer. Total organic carbon measurements down to 40pg L 1 have been achieved at a coefficient of variation of 16.3%. 

Fig. 12.2Apparatus layout and flow diagram for dissolved organic carbon measurement Source Reproduced with permission from Blackwell Science Publishers Ltd [39]... 

Johnson, K.M., A.G. Dickson, G. Eisheid, C. Goyet, P. Guenther, F.J. Millero, D. Purkerson, C.L. Sabine, R.S. Schottle, D.R.W. Wallace, R.J. Wilke, and C.D. Winn. 1998. Coulo-metric total carbon dioxide analysis for marine studies Assessment of the quality of total inorganic carbon measurements made during the U.S. Indian Ocean C02 survey 1994-1996. Marine Chemistry 63(l-2) 21-37. 

Weliky, K., E. Suess, C.A. Ungerer, P.J. Muller, and K. Fischer. 1983. Problems with accurate carbon measurement in marine sediments and particulate matter in seawater A new approach. Limnology and Oceanography 42 192-197. 

Spectral intensities were measured as integrated peak area of each element and relative error for ratios of elemental intensity is about 10 % for aU elements except carbon. The adventitious surface carbon (contamination) was estimated at approximately 10% of the total carbon measured. The concentration of carbon is, therefore, supposed to be in relative error by ca. 20 %. 

Hitzenberger, R., U. Dusek, and A. Berner, Black Carbon Measurements Using an Integrating Sphere, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 19601-19606 (1996). 

Huffman, H. D., Comparison of the Light Absorption Coefficient and Carbon Measures for Remote Aerosols An Independent Analysis of Data from the Improve Network—I, Atmos. Environ., 30, 73-83 (1996). 

Part of a mass spectrum for the determination of Fe and Cr contamination in boron nitride contaminated with carbon measured by LIMS is shown in Figure 6.9. The analyte ions 53Cr+ and 54Fe+ due to different masses of isobaric atomic and cluster ions are clearly separated from boron and boron carbide cluster ions as demonstrated in Figure 6.9. Cluster ion formation has been studied by laser ionization mass spectrometry (LIMS) on a boron nitride target.10... 

The isotopic factor 6 of carbon, measured from the carbon dioxide resulting from the combustion of a natural vanillin, is fj = —20. A value arising from a synthetic vanillin is t> = —30. Calculate the percentage of these two species within a sample of mixed vanillin, knowing that a previously measured value S = —23.5 has been obtained. 

Although Table I is generally self-explanatory, the carbonaceous material measurements require comment. Because of its chemical complexity, carbonaceous material is frequently characterized only on the basis of carbon measurements. These measurements attempt to divide the carbonaceous material into organic C and elemental C . Carbon present in carbonate salts, frequently a minor contributor to the total particulate carbon, can be determined independently. Elemental carbon is among the most important pollutants in visibility reduction. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are relatively minor constituents of the particulate carbon but are of great interest in health effects studies. PAHs can also serve as model compounds in developing improved sampling techniques for semivolatile carbonaceous materials. 

The problems associated with sampling particulate organic C in the atmosphere crudely parallel those with sampling nitrates. However, the very large number of carbonaceous species, the range of vapor pressures involved, and the ubiquitous nature of carbon severely complicate development of improved sampling techniques based on total (or organic) carbon measurements. 

In the series of PS-DVB gels with crosslink densities from 0.007 to 0.112 (as determined by swelling measurements) it was found that the line widths of aromatic carbons measured in CDC13 increase monotonically with crosslink density. From the log-log plot of these data an empirical exponential relationship between line width (Av) and crosslink density (%) can be made 137) ... 

Subsequent marine studies have shown that there are often several important plant sources of carbon, and a multiple stable-isotope approach has been widely adopted to resolve this more complex situation. Stable isotopes of sulfur, successfully combined with carbon measurements, have been particularly valuable for tracing the importance of detrital foods that are difficult to identify or quantify visually (41). The information gained in these isotopic studies has allowed ecologists to powerfully verify or refute hypotheses about the importance to consumers of certain food sources (42). 

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