United States before

Economic Aspects. AH diketene production is used captively and, therefore, production figures can only be estimated by the volume of derivatives output on the merchant market. World production of diketene is probably close to 100,000 metric tons, approximately 20% of that production in the United States. Before the discontinuation of aH shipment in the United States, diketene was sold for less than 2.20/kg. 

Butyl Rubber. Butyl mbber was the first low unsaturation elastomer, and was developed ia the United States before World War II by the Standard Oil Co. (now Exxon Chemical). It is a copolymer of isobutylene and isoprene, with just enough of the latter to provide cross-linking sites for sulfur vulcanization. Its molecular stmcture is depicted ia Table 1. 

Large-scale crude oil exploitation began in the late nineteenth century. Internal combustion engines, which make use of the heat and kinetic energy of controlled explosions in a combustion chamber, were developed at approximately the same time. The pioneers in this field were Nikolaus Otto and Gottleib Daimler. These devices were rapidly adapted to military purposes. Small internal-combustion motors were used to drive dynamos to provide electric power to fortifications in Europe and the United States before the outbreak of World War I. Several armies experimented vith automobile transportation before 1914. The growing demand for fossil fuels in the early decades of the twentieth centuiy was exacerbated by the modernizing armies that slowly introduced mechanization into their orders of battle. The traditional companions of the soldier, the horse and mule, were slowly replaced by the armored car and the truck in the early twentieth century. 

DOE investigated more than twenty coal producing areas in the United States before selecting a 2,600-acre site north of... 

How many gallons of gasoline are sold per year in the United States Before you look this up in the U.S. Statistical Abstract, do an order of magnitude estimate based on common sense, (a) How many people live in the United States ... 

The different definitions of novelty in these important patent systems have far-reaching consequences. An invention may be novel according to U.S. law, even if it lacks absolute novelty as applied by the EPC. For example, if an inventor describes the invention in a printed publication, he must apply for a patent in the United States before one year (according to 102 (b)) has passed - otherwise any right to a U.S. patent is lost. In contrast, the inventor must file his patent application on the publication date, at the latest, if he wants to secure patent protection under the European Patent Convention and the national patent laws of many other countries. 

J. Liebenau, Ethical Business, the formation of the pharmaceutical industry in Britain, Germany and the United States before 1914 , Bus. Hist., 1988, 30, 116-129. 

The FDA requires the manufacturer of a botanical product designed for human use to submit a new dietary ingredient (NDI) notification for any new ingredient that was not marketed in the United States before October 15, 1994 (DSHEA). Notifications should be submitted to the FDA 75 days prior to the marketing date and require information establishing a reasonable expectation of safety for products containing the NDI. The FDA does not approve or disapprove an NDI it may post objections. Examples of substances disallowed for use by the FDA include androstenedione, Ephedra, steroidal precursor substances, and aristolochic acid. 

The earliest of these applications was natural rubber latex bonded paper. This was patented in En and in 1926 and commercially developed in the United States before 1930 to produce products which eSectively replaced leather in applications such as shoe insoles and roidsoles. Latex was... 

The health effects of PCBs have been extensively tested. Most studies investigated commercial PCBs mixtures that were produced in the United States before 1977 under Aroclor trade names. Health effects studies are also available for PCB mixtures produced in foreign countries. Among the most common tested foreign commercial PCB mixtures are Kanechlors, which were produced in Japan, and Clophens, which were produced in Germany. As in the United States, PCBs are no longer produced in Japan or... 

Oil shale processing has been practiced on an industrial scale since the 1860 s. Much "coal oil" produced in the United States before the discovery of petroleum was in fact shale oil. Production of 2,500 B/D was maintained by the Scottish oil shale industry for long periods of time over its 100-year history. A Manchurian oil shale industry, begun in 1929, reached outputs of 35,000 B/D while under Japanese control during World War II. The Chinese expanded the Manchurian operation, and output during the Korean War is believed to have been as high as 40,000 B/D (4). 

Under Sections 408 and 409 of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA) EPA establishes tolerances, or mtiximum pesticide residue limits, for food and feed commodities that are marketed in the United States. Before a pesticide can be registered under FIFRA for use on a food or feed crop, EPA must either establish a tolerance for that use, or grant an exemption from the tolerance requirement. Determination of tolerances involves carefiil review... 

Pyridoxal phosphate and its close relative, pyridoxamine phosphate (Fig. 1, 6) participate in a multiplicity of different biological processes, most noteworthy amongst these being the reaction involved in the metabolism of amino acids [3-6]. Several dozen enzymes are known whose activities are dependent on the presence of pyridoxal phosphate in their active sites. Our current view regarding the niechanisms of pyridoxal-P-dependent transformations is based on the inspired suggestion originally made in 1953, independently by Braunstein and Shemyakin [7] in the Soviet Union, and Snell and his coworkers [8] in the United States. Before considering the basic tenets of the Braunstein-Snell hypothesis we examine the nature of the chemical problems involved in the metabolism of amino acids. In the later sections we shall note that the key event in the metabolism of amino acids is either the... 

DAVINCH has not been permitted in the United States. Before it can obtain a RCRA operating permit, the equivalent of trial bums with agent or agent surrogate will have to be conducted to demonstrate the ability of the system to achieve the required degree of agent destmction. 

In addition to widespread use as a blend in asphalt/rubber sealants for roofing and other construction applications, reclaim rubber adhesives have been used as an insulation adhesive, as a pipe wrap adhesive, and as an ingredient in some pressure sensitive adhesives. Of interest is the fact that virtually every telephone installation in the United States before 1985 that required a cable splice used a reclaim rubber adhesive. 

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