Minor contributor

T.eflux Tatio. Generally, the optimum reflux ratio is below 1.15 and often below 1.05 minimum. At this point, excess reflux is a minor contributor to column inefficiency. When designing for this tolerance, correct vapor—Hquid equiUbrium (VLE) and adequate controls are essential. 

Mechanical interlocking of particles may occur during the agitation or compression of, for example, fibrous particles, but it is probably only a minor contributor to agglomerate strength in most cases. 

As can be seen, the Ag2+ is responsible for most of the destruction direct reaction with the HN03 is a minor contributor for these organic materials. 

Some data are available from several fields and held edges to estimate spatial and temporal variability around 30-day mean concentrations. In this case study, the concentration variables for the held are treated as random variables with uncertainty. Because the concentration variables for the edge are minor contributors to total daily intake, the uncertainty about these variables is ignored. 

Doucet and Benoit (1987) have collected and measured the diffuse scattering from the orthorhombic form of lysozyme. The exposure times using the LURE SR were 30 minutes compared to exposures of the order of seconds to record the Bragg peaks alone. The diffuse scattering features they observed were predominantly rows of modulated intensity along two families of planes (100) and (001) with other minor contributors. 

The metabolism of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by enzymes present in animal livers involves epoxidation as the initial step. As indicated in Section 5.17.1.2, evidence is available to suggest that oxepins (29)-(34) are present as minor contributors to the arene oxide-oxepin equilibrium and thus may legitimately be considered as metabolic intermediates. 

Is it all worth it Calibration of glassware and careful temperature measurements during an experiment cause significant reduction in the uncertainty of the volumes of glassware. However, if the uncertainty in the glassware is only a minor contributor to the whole, you must judge each case on its merits and act accordingly. 

Although Table I is generally self-explanatory, the carbonaceous material measurements require comment. Because of its chemical complexity, carbonaceous material is frequently characterized only on the basis of carbon measurements. These measurements attempt to divide the carbonaceous material into organic C and elemental C . Carbon present in carbonate salts, frequently a minor contributor to the total particulate carbon, can be determined independently. Elemental carbon is among the most important pollutants in visibility reduction. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are relatively minor constituents of the particulate carbon but are of great interest in health effects studies. PAHs can also serve as model compounds in developing improved sampling techniques for semivolatile carbonaceous materials. 

Eliel et a/.268 seem to confirm the observation that the nitro group in this type of heterocyclic system is preferred in the axial position. Katritzky et a/.269-271 have found on the basis of dipole moment measurements that tetrahydro-l,3-oxazines without a 5-nitro group have V-alkyl in the preferred equatorial position, although the axial N-CH3 and -C2H5 are important minor contributors (42 and 32%, respectively). 

Raman spectroscopy has some particular advantages for biofluid analysis as well. The sharpness of fundamental vibrational peaks enables dense packing of information into a spectral interval, much more so than for the broader peaks typical of fluorescence or visible/NIR absorption. These extra degrees of spectral freedom are important when it comes to measuring the concentration of minor contributors above the various noise sources. 

Three metabolic pathways were identified (i) O-dealkylation to metabolites Ml and M2, with subsequent glucuronidation to metabolites M3 and M5 (ii) hydrolysis to metabolite M4 and (iii) N-oxidation to metabolite M6 (Fig. 3.13). Additional metabolic pathways maybe operative, as represented by the number of unknown compounds observed. However, as each unknown metabolite represented an average of <2% of the dose, these pathways are considered minor contributors to the metabolic process [52],... 

The mechanism of particle capture by depth filtration is more complex than for screen filtration. Simple capture of particles by sieving at pore constructions in the interior of the membrane occurs, but adsorption of particles on the interior surface of the membrane is usually at least as important. Figure 2.34 shows four mechanisms that contribute to particle capture in depth membrane filters. The most obvious mechanism, simple sieving and capture of particles at constrictions in the membrane, is often a minor contributor to the total separation. The three other mechanisms, which capture particles by adsorption, are inertial capture, Brownian diffusion and electrostatic adsorption [53,54], In all cases, particles smaller than the diameter of the pore are captured by adsorption onto the internal surface of the membrane. 

Non-point sources are minor contributors ( 4% of total emission for 2001, 33.96 g I-TEQ yr-1) (KMOE, 2004c). Among non-point sources, it has been estimated that large ships, using heavy oils, contribute 45% of the total emissions from non-point sources. Major harbors could thus be affected by this source (Cooper, 2005). The releases from landfill leachate, municipal wastewater, and paper/pulp wastewater contribute 2.254 g WHO-TEQ yr-1 (KMOE, 2004c). This is comparable to Japanese emission for 2003 (http //www.env.go.jp/en/press/2004/). 

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