Head cancer

In the meantime, hundreds of other metal complexes have been shown to be active against various animal-tumor screens. These include predominantly analog structures of the parent drug, but also a scattering of complexes of metals other than platinum. Active pursuit of these areas may be highly rewarding. 

ACS Symposium Series American Chemical Society Washington, DC, 1980. 

Innocuous action of dissolving clsplatln In water already Introduces a large variety of products. This makes any slnq le Interpretation of the biological reactions dubious at the very least. 

Neverthless, some guiding Interpretations for further experimental work are necessary, even If these be, admittedly, simple minded. We will assume that upon Injection of the clsplatln into the extracellular fluid of an animal the high chloride concentration (on the order of 100 milliequivalents per liter) limits any aquation reaction, and the drug remains intact as It courses through the body. Additional reactions of clsplatln with molecules in the blood will have to be left to the pharmacokinetlclsts to sort out. There is evidence to suggest that the Intact drug passively permeates cell membranes (viz, no active carrier is necessary). Usually, the intracellular chloride concentration Is lower than the extracellular value. 

In some cells of the body, such as muscle cells, the chloride concentration may be as low as 10 milliequivalents per liter, while In other cells, such as the epithelial cells lining the stomach and intestines, the chloride concentration Is approximately the same as in the extracellular fluid. In those cells where the chloride concentration Is low, the aquation reaction will occur to some degree. This Is the only step necessary to activate the drug. The equated species are now able to react with various intracellular molecules, and In particular, the nucleic acids. Evidence from both In vitro and In vivo 

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Rats administered 1,2,4-TMB by gavage for 2 years exhibited increased total malignant tumors and head cancers." 1,2,3-TMB (but not 1,2,4-TMB or 1,3,5-TMB) was mutagenic in bacterial assays in vivo none of the isomers increased the frequency of micronuclei in bone marrow however, all three increased the fre-... 

Based on their findings, bone sarcomas, carcinomas of the perinasal sinuses and mastoid air cells (often called head cancers), and deterioration of skeletal tissue are considered to be the only effects that are unequivocally attributable to internal radium (Rundo et al. 1986). 

It is employed in combination witli vinblastine and bleomycin for the treatment of metastatic testicular tumours. It is also used for the remission of metastaticovarian tumours when given either alone or in combination with doxorubicin. It also exhibits activity against a host of other tumours, such as cervical cancer, neck and head cancer, penile cancer, bladder cancer and small-cell cancer of the lung. 

Brugel M, Link TM, Rummeny EJ et al (2004) Assessment of vascular invasion in pancreatic head cancers with multislice CT value of multiplanar reconstructions. Eur Radiol 14 1188-1195... 

Fig. 2.36. Metastatic ingrowth into the duodenum. A Double Contrast barium study demonstrates irregular circumferential narrowing of the duodenum with marked ulceration, due to involvement by a large pancreatic head cancer...

Pancreatic carcinoma most frequently involves the head of the gland and usually presents with obstructive jaundice. About 10% of patients with pancreatic head cancer develop duodenal obstruction, usually quite late on in the course of their disease. Therefore most patients developing duodenal obstruction from pancreatic cancer will already have a biliary stent in... 

A clinical trial to evaluate misoprostol as a protector of normal tissue during a course of XRT in cancer patients suggests a reduction in acute normal tissue injury (215). A randomized, prospective, double-blind study indicates that topical misoprostol, administered as an oral rinse 15-20 min before irradiation using conventional 2-Gy (200 rad) fractions, five days a week over 6—7 weeks, significantly protects the oral mucosa from radiomucositis, a frequently observed normal tissue complication during XRT for head and neck cancer (215). 

The retinoid isotretinoin (68) has been found to reduce the incidence of secondary malignancies in patients treated for head and neck cancer. In addition, the use of trans-m m.oic acid in patients having M3 leukemia has been reported to induce complete, although temporary, remissions (32). 

Cetuximab Anti-EGFR Colorectal cancer, Head and Neck cancers... 

Currently, 13-cis-retinoic acid is the most studied chemopreventive agent that decreases the incidence of second primary tumors in patients with head-and-neck cancer, reverses premalignant lesions, and reduces appearance of nonmelanoma skin cancer in patients with xeroderma pigmentosum. Unfortunately, this vitamin A derivative has a significant clinical toxicity, which limits its utility in a practice setting. 

Molecular epidemiological studies to assess the risk associated with metabolic polymoiphisms for cancers of head-and-neck and the lung have shown that the overall... 

Cetuximab specifically binds the extracellular domain of EGFR. It has been approved in colorectal and head and neck cancer. However, unlike for trastuzu-mab, no clear correlation has been demonstrated between EGFR expression in cancer cell and efficacy of cetuximab. 

ADCC. Cetuximab is approved for treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) and squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN). Interestingly, an adverse event, acneiform rash seems to correlate with a better response to cetuximab, while there is no such correlation with expression levels of EGFR assessed by immunohistochemistry. Further side effects are rare infusion reactions and hypomagnesia. Two other anti-EGFR antibodies approved for clinical use are the fully human antibody panitumumab (Vectibix)... 

Lymphosarcoma, severe psoriasis, cancer of the head, neck, breast, lung, rheumatoid arthritis (RA) Alpha-interferon-refractory hairy cell leukemia... 

Conjugated hyperbilirubinemia commonly results from blockage of the hepatic or common bile ducts, most often due to a gallstone or to cancer of the head of the pancreas. Because of the obstruction, bilirubin diglu-curonide cannot be excreted. It thus regurgitates into the hepatic veins and lymphatics, and conjugated bilirubin appears in the blood and urine (choluric jaundice). 

The commonest causes of obstructive (posthepatic) jaundice are cancer of the head of the pancreas and a gallstone lodged in the common bile duct. The presence of bilirubin in the urine is sometimes referred to as choluria—therefore, hepatitis and obstruction of the common bile duct cause choluric Jaundice, whereas the Jaundice of hemolytic anemia is referred to as acholuric. The laboratory results in patients with hepatitis are variable, depending on the extent of damage to parenchymal cells and the extent of micro-obstruction to bile ductules. Serum levels of ALT and AST are usually markedly elevated in hepatitis, whereas serum levels of alkaline phosphatase are elevated in obstructive liver disease. 

RECORD I R, BROADBENT J L, KING R A, DREOSTI I E, HEAD R J, TONKIN A L (1997) Geuisteiu inhibits growth of B16 melanoma cells in vivo and in vitro and promotes differentiation in vitro. In J Cancer 72 860-64. 

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