Equipment Modifications

Non-Newtonian antiicing fluids ate currently being used in the United States on a limited, experimental basis. Antiicing fluids requite special handling and appHcation equipment and techniques, and therefore deicing equipment modification and personnel training are requited before these fluids are used by an airline at an airport. 

Tower Internals and Equipment Modification. Tower capacity expansion can be achieved through the use of random or stmctured packing, or through the use of higher capacity trays such as the UOP multiple downcomer tray. Packing has been used in the gasoline fractionator, water quench tower, caustic and amine towers, demethanizer, the upper zone of the deethanizer, debutanizer, and condensate strippers. Packing reduces the pressure drop and increases the capacity. 

An advantage of a stoker-fired furnace is its easy adaptability to firing almost any unsized solid fuels. Bark, bagasse, or refuse can normally be fired on a stoker to supplement the coal with a minimum amount of additional equipment. Thus, such supplementaiy waste fuels may be able to contribute a higher percentage of the total heat input in a stoker-fired furnace than in a PC furnace without expensive equipment modifications. 

Source reduction includes any in-plant actions to reduce the quantity or the toxicity of the waste at the source. Examples include equipment modification, design and operational changes of the process, reformulation or redesign of products, substitution of raw materials, and use of environmentally benign chemical reactions. 

While process and equipment modification are generally the preferred alternatives for reducing emissions from a plant, some form of control is necessary before emissions are discharged into the environment. Technologies discussed in this section are applicable in preventing emissions from point sources such as process or tank vents. These technologies fall into two main categories ... 

Our computer model predicted the Phase I test results with accuracy adequate for safety design even though there were experimental errors. To reduce these experimental errors. In Phase I I, we made some equipment modifications and used a larger reactor. 

Extracolumn dispersion is a major problem for the packed fused silica capillary columns with internal diameters less than 0.35 mm. Peak standeunl deviations will be in the submicroliter range and extensive equipment modification is required for operation under optimum conditions. A reasonable compromise is to esploy injection voluMs of a few hundred nanoliters or less with detector volumes of a similar or preferably smaller size. This demands considerable ingenuity on behalf of the analyst since, as... 

If the program continues and additional reductions are desired, more expensive and more complex projects begin to emerge (Phase II). These are often associated with equipment modifications, process modifications and process control and may include the addition or adaptation of auxiliary equipment for simple source treatment, possibly for recycle. This phase usually has little immediate ROI, and more inclusive approaches to assessing the economics of the operation (estimating costs for waste handling, long-term liability, risk) are needed to justify the continued pollution-prevention operation. 

Recommendations for equipment modifications and/or process changes to reduce wastes (Table 1.6)... 

Recommendations for Equipment Modifications and/or Process Changes to Reduce Wastes... 

Short column with small particles (2 to 3 flm) Use of conventional HPLC with minimal or no equipment modifications Greatest diversity of column chemistry Easy method transfer Best reproducibility and ruggedness... 

While the Dove composition described in Table 9.4-2 was processable at reasonable line speeds on a conventional soap processing line (roll mills, extruders, stampers), some equipment modifications were necessary. For example, whereas soap is normally mixed in large agitated tanks, the Dove mixture had a much greater viscosity and therefore required use of a steam-jacketed kneader mixer such as those used to make bread dough, pastes or mastics. 

Cotton dust sampling is a plant site test, normally involving unsophisticated field equipment, ever-changing plant conditions, and technician-level labor in performing many functions. However, with adequate equipment and attention to technique, we have found that good quality data can be obtained for each survey. The purpose of this paper is to share with you some of the instrumentation, equipment modifications and techniques we have studied and employed to obtain vertical elutriator (VE) data with average coefficients of variation less than 10%. 

Incinerator operators who consider retrofitting their equipment to accommodate the Pyretron should consider the cost of equipment modifications ... 

This step constructs a specific set of search questions to guide identification of opportunities for material substitution, equipment modification/substitu-tion, changes in work practices and organization, modifications in plant layout, and changes in final product. 

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