Accident fatal

A cause of action in tort, save for defamation by or against a person, survives for the benefit of or to the detriment of the estate under the Law Reform (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1934. 

On behalf of the estate, loss of earnings to date of death and general damages for pain and suffering during lifetime are claimable, without reference to any loss or gain to the estate resulting from the death. 

Under the Fatal Accidents Act 1976 damages for loss of financial support can be claimed by or for the dependants. The definition of dependant is set out in the Act as amended by the Administration of Justice Act 1982 and includes spouse or former spouse, ascendants and descendants as well as adopted children and anyone living with the deceased as spouse, the latter subject to certain conditions. 

Damages are calculated by the measure of actual financial loss. Thus the deceased s earnings will be established and the proportion expended on the dependant determined. This will then be multiplied by a number of years purchase to allow for the length of time the deceased would have worked. A deduction will be made for capitalisation. 

The Administration of Justice Act 1982 also introduced a claim for bereavement damages imder which a fixed sum is payable by way of damages - the amount is currently 10000 - for loss of a spouse and to parents for the loss of a child. 

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A fatal accident and some other disasters, which were caused by small cracks, lead to a more strict consideration of the security of these steam drums. Parallel to these the economical pressure, due to the globalisation of the today s industry, lead to the increase of the pressure and the rotation speed of the paper production machines for a higher output of the production, which means, that all safety aspects from the design and the material will be exploited totally. On the other hand cast iron is also not a ductile and comfortable material, like the most steels for the pressure equipment. 

Risk indices are usually single-number estimates, which may be used to compare one risk with another or used in an absolute sense compared to a specific target. For risks to employees the fatal accident rate (FAR) is a commonly apphed measure. The FAR is a singlenumber index, which is the expected number of fatalities from a specific event based on 10 exposure hours. For workers in a chemical plant, the FAR could be calculated as follows ... 

Case Histories Following are examples of fatal accidents resulting from lack of oxygen ... 

Another approach is to use government and private mortality and injury statistics. Calculated absolute risk estimates (the probability per year of a worker being injured or killed) can be compared to those de facto worker risk standards. For example, in the United Kingdom, industry and government alike are using the fatal accident rate (FAR, see Glos-... 

H. K. Black, Report on a Fatal Accident and Fire at the West London Terminal on 1 April 1967, Her Majesty s Stationery Office, London, 1967. 

Fatal accident rate Lost-time injury rate Capital cost of accidents Number of plant/community evacuations Cost of business interruption Cost of workers compensation claims Number of hazardous material spills (in excess of a threshold) Tonnage of hazardous material spilled Tonnage of air, water, liquid and solid effluent Tonnage of polluting materials released into the environment Employee exposure monitoring Number of work related sickness claims Number of regulatory citations and fines Ecological impact of operations (loss or restoration of biodiversity, species, habitats)... 

Equivalent Social Cost index Fatal accident rate (discussed in Section 18.5) ... 

One of the most popular risk policies employed by industry is tlie FAR Concept (Fatal Accident Rate). FAR represents Uie nmiiber of fatal accidents per 1,000 workers in a working lifetime (10 lu-), where a working lifetime is assumed to be approximately lO lu-s. An acceptable FAR (by industries standards) is 4.0. Tliis is made up of ... 

Calculate tlie Fatal Accident Rate (FAR) for the first kind of accident. 

The Fatal Accident Rate (FAR) is tlie nmiiber of fatal accidents per 1,000 workers in a working lifetime (10 lir). A responsible chemical company typically displays a FAR equal to 2 for chemical process risks such as fires, tovic releases or spillage of corrosive chemicals. Identify potential problem areas tliat may develop for a company if acceptable FAR numbers are e.vceeded. 

Bell, S. E. and Kirkwood, D., Determination of the Fatal Accident Inquiry on the Chinook Accident, Sumburgh, November 1986. Crown Office, Edinburgh, p. 40 (1987)... 

There was a surprising fatal accident during which an iron container with magnesium chloride (probably moist) detonated. It was thought that the magnesium salt had catalysed the interaction between the metal and water. 

Cost-benefit analysis also requires a determination of the costs incurred from incident-related fatalities. Reduction in individual risk (fatalities per year) is a key component in risk associated with buildings in process plants. One method of determining the cost of fatal accidents is to estimate the amount of money that society might perceive as reasonable compensation in the event of a fatal accident. 

One approach is to compare the risks, calculated from a hazard analysis, with risks that are generally considered acceptable such as, the average risks in the particular industry, and the kind of risks that people accept voluntarily. One measure of the risk to life is the Fatal Accident Frequency Rate (FAFR), defined as the number of deaths per 108 working hours. This is equivalent to the number of deaths in a group of 1000 men over their working lives. The FAFR can be calculated from statistical data for various industries and activities some of the published values are shown in Tables 9.8 and 9.9. Table 9.8 shows the relative position of the chemical industry compared with other industries Table 9.9 gives values for some of the risks that people accept voluntarily. 

NIOSH. 1985a. Fatal accident circumstances and epidemiology (FACE) report Two sanitation employees die in confined space in Kentucky, August 24, 1985. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Division of Safety Research, Morgantown, WV. Report no. FACE-85-44. NTIS publication no. PB91-197848. 

Fatality Accident Rates (FAR) or Potential Loss of Life (PLL) - A mathematical estimation of the level of fatalities that may occur at a location or facility due to the nature of work being performed and protection measures provided, may be calculated at an annual rate or for the life of the project. 

Figure 19.6. Development of fatal accidents since 1990 in Europe, the USA and Japan (BTS, 2007 EC, 2006a NPA, 2007).

Trinitrophenol (4), commonly known as picric acid (VOD 7350 m/s, d = 1.71 g/cm ), was once used as a military explosive although its highly acidic nature enables it to readily corrode metals. This kind of reaction has led to many fatal accidents, a consequence of some metal picrates being very sensitive primary explosives. The lead salt of picric acid is a dangerous explosive and should be avoided at all cost. In contrast, the ammonium (Explosive D, VOD 7050 m/s, d = 1.60 g/cm ) and guanidine salts of picric acid are unusually insensitive to impact and have been used in armour piercing munitions. 

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