Safety, plant potential hazards

The hazards associated with operations that involve more than one group can be reduced by the use of a permit system. O Driscoll has described the permit systems used in chemical operations many of these (hot work tank entry line breaking disposal operations excavations operation of material handling equipment and vehicles sprinkler-valve closing permit) are of interest in low-temperature plants. They are designed to permit the safe conduct of maintenance and repair functions. The use of written permits with copies to all groups concerned tends to increase the safety of potentially hazardous operations. Also, with use of written instructions, there is less chance for a misunderstanding. 

The safety aspects of pdot-plant constmction and operation will continue to grow driven by both regulation and an increased awareness of the potential hazards. This will also require specialized skills and training at ad. levels. 

The design and operation of a proeess plant form an integral part of safety and systematie proeedures and should be employed to identify hazards and operability and, where neeessary, should be quantified. During die design of a new plant, die hazard identifieation proeedure is repeated at intervals. This is first performed on the pilot plant before the full-seale version as the design progresses. Potential hazards whose signifieanee ean be assessed with the help of experiments are often revealed by this study. 

For new sites with 50 tons or more of LPG the Control of Major Accident Hazards Regulations 1984 apply. For sites which will have 300 tons or more (shortly to be reduced to 200 tons or more) these Regulations impose additional duties on site operators which include the prior submission of a safety report . This report has to set out the potential hazards of the plant and the means by which the risks are reduced to an acceptable level. The LPGITA has produced a Guide to the Writing of LPG Safety Reports which supplements the general guidance in the HSE booklet HS(R)21. 

Island/Thurrock Area, HMSO, London, 1978. Rasmussen, Reactor Safety Study An Assessment of Accident Risk in U. S. Commercial Nuclear Power Plants, WASH-1400 NUREG 75/014, Washington, D.C., 1975. Rijnmond Public Authority, A Risk Analysis of 6 Potentially Hazardous Industrial Objects in the Rijnmond Area—A Pilot Study, D. Reidel, Boston, 1982. Considine, The Assessment of Individual and Societal Risks, SRD Report R-310, Safety and Reliability Directorate, UKAEA, Warrington, 1984. Baybutt, Uncertainty in Risk Analysis, Conference on Mathematics in Major Accident Risk Assessment, University of Oxford, U.K., 1986. 

Each of the broad, functional areas described later has its own safety responsibilities and is organized to meet those responsibilities. For example, the research function is responsible for safety and loss prevention in research laboratories and pilot plants. However, research also has the duty of identifying potential hazards in the products and processes it develops. The research owner must then assure that those hazards are communicated effectively to the engineering, operating, and marketing people who must deal with them. 

NRC (2007), Identification of Potential Hazards in Site Vicinity , Section 2.2.1-2.2.2 of Standard Review Plan for the Review of Safety Analysis Reports for Nuclear Power Plants, Report NUREG-0800, March. 

Risk Estimation References Health and Safety Executive, Canvey—An Investigation of Potential Hazards from the Operations in the Canvey Island/ Thurrock Area, HMSO, London, 1978. Rasmussen, Reactor Safety Study An Assessment of Accident Risk in U. S. Commercial Nuclear Power Plants, WASH-... 

The most common use of personal protective equipment is for the protection of head, eyes, ears, torso, hands, and feet. This equipment helps to protect a person from damage normally encountered in an industrial plant, a construction site, or land renovation project. PPE includes devices and clothing designed to be worn or used for the protection or safety of an individual in potentially hazardous areas or performing potentially hazardous operations. 

SAFETY OF PLANT AND ENVIRONMENT 7 TABLE 1.4. Some Potential Hazards Energy Source... 

The study of xenobiotic metabolism has developed rapidly during the past few decades. These studies have been fundamental in the assessment of drug efficacy, safety, and design of dosage regimens in the development of food additives and the assessment of potential hazards of contaminants in the evaluation of toxic chemicals and in the development of pesticides and herbicides and their metabolic fate in insects, other animals, and plants. The metabolism of many xenobiotics is fundamental to many toxic processes such as carcinogenesis, teratogenesis, and tissue necrosis. Often the same enzymes involved in... 

Safety Analysis Worksheets were compiled to contain the safest work practices for a given situation. These Sheets, on file in the Pilot Plant, describe the potential hazards possible in a given situation (e.g., adding charcoal to a hot solution) and outline the exact precautions to be exercised in performing such operations. 

Constraints of Plant Design. The potential hazards encountered in the uranium feed materials processing industry include many that are common to the heavy chemicals industry. However special problems present themselves owing to direct radiation, the possibility of inhalation and ingestion of radioactive dusts and gases, nuclear safety, and more unusual chemical hazards. 

Those responsible for safety in the surrounding community must be educated about potential hazards from the plant and provided with information about how to respond appropriately. 

---