Explosive nature

The derivatives are hydroxyethyl and hydroxypropyl cellulose. AH four derivatives find numerous appHcations and there are other reactants that can be added to ceUulose, including the mixed addition of reactants lea ding to adducts of commercial significance. In the commercial production of mixed ethers there are economic factors to consider that include the efficiency of adduct additions (ca 40%), waste product disposal, and the method of product recovery and drying on a commercial scale. The products produced by equation 2 require heat and produce NaCl, a corrosive by-product, with each mole of adduct added. These products are produced by a paste process and require corrosion-resistant production units. The oxirane additions (eq. 3) are exothermic, and with the explosive nature of the oxiranes, require a dispersion diluent in their synthesis (see Cellulose ethers). 

Aluminum bromide and chloride are equally active catalysts, whereas boron trifluoride is considerably less active probably because of its limited solubiUty in aromatic hydrocarbons. The perchloryl aromatics are interesting compounds but must be handled with care because of their explosive nature and sensitivity to mechanical shock and local overheating. 

Commercially, pure ozonides generally are not isolated or handled because of the explosive nature of lower molecular weight species. Ozonides can be hydrolyzed or reduced (eg, by Zn/CH COOH) to aldehydes and/or ketones. Hydrolysis of the cycHc bisperoxide (8) gives similar products. Catalytic (Pt/excess H2) or hydride (eg, LiAlH reduction of (7) provides alcohols. Oxidation (O2, H2O2, peracids) leads to ketones and/or carboxyUc acids. Ozonides also can be catalyticaHy converted to amines by NH and H2. Reaction with an alcohol and anhydrous HCl gives carboxyUc esters. 

Perchloric acid is a weU-known acetylation catalyst, especially in the fibrous method of preparing cellulose triacetate. Unlike sulfuric acid, perchloric acid does not combine with cellulose (78), ie, it does not form esters, and therefore virtually complete acetylation (DS 3.0, 44.8% acetyl) occurs. However, the extremely corrosive nature of perchloric acid and explosive nature of its salts have precluded its use industrially as an acetylation catalyst. 

It is not advisable to store large quantities of picrates for long periods, particularly when they are dry due to their potential EXPLOSIVE nature. The free base should be recovered as soon as possible. The picrate is suspended in an excess of 2N aqueous NaOH and warmed a little. Because of the limited solubility of sodium picrate, excess hot water must be added. Alternatively, because of the greater solubility of lithium picrate, aqueous 10% lithium hydroxide solution can be used. The solution is cooled, the amine is extracted with a suitable solvent such as diethyl ether or toluene, washed with 5N NaOH until the alkaline solution remains colourless, then with water, and the extract is dried with anhydrous sodium carbonate. The solvent is distilled off and the amine is fractionally distilled (under reduced pressure if necessary) or recrystallised. 

HCIO4). Refluxed with benzene (6mL/g) in a flask fitted with a Dean and Stark trap until all the water was removed azeotropically (ca 4h). The soln was cooled and diluted with dry pentane (4mL/g of AgC104). The ppted AgC104 was filtered off and dried in a desiccator over P2O5 at 1mm for 24h [Radell, Connolly and Raymond J Am Chem Soc 83 3958 1961]. It has also been recrystallised from perchloric acid. [Caution due to EXPLOSIVE nature in the presence of organic matter.]... 

The major use of inorganic azides exploits the explosive nature of heavy metal azides. Pb(N3)2 in particular is extensively used in detonators because of its reliability, especially in damp conditions it is prepared by metathesis between Pb(N03)2 and NaN3 in aqueous solution. 

However, the unpredictably explosive nature of CI2O in the liquid state renders this process somewhat hazardous and the best large-scale preparation is the low-temperature fluorination of CIONO2 (p. 884) ... 

The diazirines are of special interest because of their isomerism with the aliphatic diazo compounds. The diazirines show considerable differences in their properties from the aliphatic diazo compounds, except in their explosive nature. The compounds 3-methyl-3-ethyl-diazirine and 3,3-diethyldiazirine prepared by Paulsen detonated on shock and on heating. Small quantities of 3,3-pentamethylenediazirine (68) can be distilled at normal pressures (bp 109°C). On overheating, explosion followed. 3-n-Propyldiazirine exploded on attempts to distil it a little above room temperature. 3-Methyldiazirine is stable as a gas, but on attempting to condense ca. 100 mg for vapor pressure measurements, it detonated with complete destruction of the apparatus." Diazirine (67) decomposed at once when a sample which had been condensed in dry ice was taken out of the cold trap. Work with the lower molecular weight diazirines in condensed phases should therefore be avoided. 

These reactions, though representing a major achievement in the synthesis of enantioenriched aziridines, still retain some drawbacks, not least of which is the frequent requirement for the reactions to be conducted with a large excess (often five or more equivalents) of alkene, coupled with the explosive nature of the iodi-nane component. A further limitation to the methodology is the variable enantio-... 

True. The explosive nature of methanerair mixture requires careful operation of large-scale systems and incurs high insurance premiums. 

The conclusion to be drawn from the above examples and many others is that softness in a boiling system, preceding the boiling channel inlet, may cause flow oscillations of low frequency. It is probably the pressure perturbations arising from the explosive nature of nucleate boiling that initiates the oscillation, and the reduced burn-out flux which follows probably corresponds to the trough of the flow oscillation, as a reduction in flow rate always drops the burn-out flux in forced-convection boiling. 

In addition, particularly micro-channel processing is demanded here as the reaction is dangerous owing to the explosive nature of the endoperoxide formed as intermediate. This handling of explosive or toxic compounds for Diels-Alder reactions is also described in [21]. Owing to the use of only small volumes, the hazardous potential can be substantially minimized. This was exemplarily shown for the addition of singlet oxygen. 

The method used came from a description in a publication that was taken from an old German publication. However, the publication did not say that the original German source mentioned the explosive nature of this reaction. A detonation took place when the temperature reached 60°C. 

The explosive nature of mixtures of aluminum or magnesium with methanol or water is detailed. 

Houseman, T. H. et al., J. Labelled Compd. Radiopharm., 1978, 14, 164 Liquid nitrogen should not be used as a trap coolant with acetylene, owing to the explosive nature of liquid or solid acetylene (title reference 5 above). 

In a paper devoted to tetrazole chemistry, the explosive nature of this compound excited comment. 

The shock-sensitivity and dangerously explosive nature is stressed. 

Not then completely purified or characterised, its explosive nature was in contrast to the stability of the isomeric perchloryl fluoride [1]. It is also shock-sensitive [2],... 

The apparatus used to determine the explosive nature of vapors is shown in Figure 6-14. The test procedure includes (1) evacuating the vessel, (2) adjusting the temperature, (3) metering in the gases to obtain the proper mixture, (4) igniting the gas by a spark, and (5) measuring the pressure as a function of time. 

The experimental apparatus used to characterize the explosive nature of dusts is shown in Figure 6-17. The device is similar to the vapor explosion apparatus, with the exception of a... 

All are explosive but require detonation and their explosive nature has not restricted their use in medicine. GTN was used in the early experiments to identify the EDRF as NO. Also, it was probably the vasodilator action of GTN which first suggested that NO could be the endogenous EDRF [55]. As GTN requires metabolism to convert it into NO it was fortunate that this occurred within the tissue used for the seminal, ex vivo experiments. 

GTN is a very convenient organic nitrate to use, although during handling its explosive nature should be remembered. If the experimental results are suspect in any way it might be wise to try one of the organic nitrates, which do not display tolerance. In research, as in other areas of human life, it is wise to be nimble. 

Explosive nature of chemical substances is described with upper and lower explosion limits. The explosiveness of vapour cloud depends especially on the lower explosion limit (LEL). The LEL is the concentration of vapour, at which the vapour cloud is possible to ignite. The wider range between explosion limits means, that it is more probable that the formed vapour cloud is in the flammable region, i.e. the higher tendency for explosion. Edwards and Lawrence (1993) have used explosive limits to determine the explosiveness of chemical substances. 

H2 It has a distinctly better thermal conductivity and lower density. Demerits are its reactivity with unsaturated compounds and hazardous explosive nature,... 

EXPLOSIVE NATURE OF HYDROGEN IN PARTIAL-PRESSURE VACUUM... 

Explosive Nature of Hydrogen in Partial-Pressure Vacuum... 

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