Mitigation possibilities

Quantitative Fire and Explosion Index (FExplosion Index Hazard Classification Guide, 1994 Lees, 1980, pp. 149-160). The F EI is used to rate the potential of hazard from fires and explosions. Its purpose is to quantify damage from an incident. It identifies equipment that could contribute to an incident and ways to mitigate possible incidents. It is a way to communicate to management the quantitative hazard potential. 

The fact that lower risks occur in areas with high river flow indicates that the dilution factor once pharmaceuticals enter river waters can efficiently mitigate possible environmental hazards, while in areas where effluent wastewaters represent a big percentage of the receiving river water flow hazards to aquatic organisms may increase. 

The calculation of hazard quotients (HQs) was a useful tool to estimate the hazards that the occurrence of PhACs may pose to aquatic organisms. It was estimated that the overall relative order of susceptibility was algae>daphnia>fish. Results indicated that the reduction of pharmaceuticals concentration after wastewater treatment, as well as the dilution factor once they are discharged into the receiving river waters, efficiently mitigates possible environmental hazards. Nevertheless, risks are expected to be higher in areas with low river flow. 

When considering the potential for ecological impacts, understanding exposure is vital. Without exposure (whether release to the environment is intentional or not), there is no risk to ecosystems, regardless of the toxicity of the chemical. Therefore, mitigating possible exposure to toxic compounds, whether through chemical design... 

This is for three reasons. First, business, like the rest of humanity, tends towards optimism. No business sets out its store based upon pessimism, contraction, or projected failure. Second, linking allocations to projected needs creates a huge incentive for businesses to inflate forecasts. Third, assumptions that cutting emissions would take time and capital underestimate the scope for some basic housekeeping measures companies don t know what they don t know about mitigation possibilities until they find out. 

Preventative measures may be taken in order to avoid or mitigate possible harm from uncertain risks and this will depend on the degree of importance and indeed harm of such risks. The prudent avoidance concept is defined as the full set of voluntary measures that can be taken by private individuals to minimize any unnecessary and/or easily avoidable exposure. The precautionary approach is, on the other hand, a risk management tool allowing decision makers to take action when scientific indications of possible serious and irreversible health hazards are judged to be sufficient to establish reasonable doubt . Preventative measures, however, cannot be based on a hypothetical risk. 

Benzoic acid is formed in oxidation at a roughly similar level to primary-EBHP (up to 1% of EB consumed), via the facile oxidation of benzaldehyde. To mitigate possible corrosion effects or catalyst deterioration downstream, the acid is partially removed from the EBHP before the epoxidation step, using an alkaline washing step. The remaining benzoic acid is removed via the heavy end stream, partly in ester form. 

The EPA will either allow a deduction from the gravity based penalty for environmentally beneficial expenditures needed to amehorate the violation or a 15 percent reduction for taking all steps reasonably requested or expected by the EPA to respond to the violation. Industry generally relies on the more assured 15 percent penalty reduction alternative. The most common type of action that quahfies for the 15 percent penalty reduction is quarantining a substance that may have been manufactured or imported in violation of the premanufacture notification requirements of 5. Depending on the size of the penalty and cost of mitigating the effects of the violation, different alternative reductions will be more favorable. In some circumstances where a substance has been completely used and there is no mitigation possible, the EPA may allow the 15 percent penalty reduction. 

Employees are on the front lines for exposures. Routine health surveillance may help identify and mitigate possible health risks to employees at the earliest stages. Workplace monitoring programs may be useful for characterizing exposures. New surveillance strategies and tools... 

The International Monetary Fund defines safety nets as instruments aimed at mitigating possible adverse effects of reform measures on the poor (Chu and Gupta 1998a). 

P — Hazard Avoidance/Mitigation Possible under certain P conditions... 

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