Tumor testicular

PLAP +, sCD143 (angiotensin converting enzyme, ACE) +, NSE +, Oct-4 +, CD117 +/-, Ferritin +/-, AFP —, phcG —, Inhibin — 

Cytotrophoblastic cells CDIO +, Pan-Cytokeratin +, CK8/18 +, CK19 +, CEA +, Glypican-3 +/-, 

Vimentin Inhibin -I-, Melan-A -I-, Calretinin +, CD99 +/—, Pan-Cytokeratin —/+, SlOO —/+, Synaptophysin —/+, Chromogranin —/+, EMA —, PLAP AFP - 

Vimentin Inhibin +/—, CD99 +/—, CK8 —/+, CK18—/+,Actin—/-E, SlOO—/-E, EMA—, Desmin — 

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Clinical trials showed therapeutic efficacy in a broad spectrum of tumors these include SCLC, testicular tumors, sarcomas, breast cancer, renal cell cancer, pancreatic tumors and lymphomas. Ifosfamide is less myelosuppressive than cyclophosphamide but is more toxic to the bladder. Therefore it is recommended that ifosfamide is coadministered with the thiol compound mesna to avoid hemorrhagic cystitis and to reduce the risk of developing bladder cancer. Other side effects include neurotoxicity and myelosuppression. 

In male Sprague-Dawley rats, there was a dose-related increase in testicular Leydig cell tumors and a slight increase in tubular renal adenocarcinoma at the 600-ppm exposure level after exposure for 104 weeks (Maltoni et al. 1986, 1988). EPA and other groups regard such increases as indicative of a hazard potential unless there are reasons to rule this out. However, other authorities believe testicular tumors are common in rats that are not exposed to toxic substances. 

Laboratory studies with mice and rats have conclusively demonstrated that the injection of cadmium metal or salts causes malignancies (sarcoma) at the site of injection and testicular tumors. However, the simultaneous administration of zinc is protective against sarcoma and interstitial cell tumor development (USEPA 1980). In rats, no dose-related increases in tumors were found at maximum oral daily doses of 4.4 mg Cd/kg BW (USPHS 1993). Among humans, the available epidemiological evidence is not sufficient to conclude that cadmium is definitely implicated as a carcinogen (USEPA 1980 Nomiyama 1982), although cadmium exposure is associated with lung cancer in humans (Shimada et al. 1998). 

More recently it was found that some compounds of platinum slow the growth of certain types of cancer. Research continues to ascertain how platinum can contribute to the reduction of ovarian and testicular tumors. 

Mithramycin (also known as MIT and plicamy-cin) is an antibiotic that binds to DNA to regulate transcription. It attaches to specific regions of DNA that are rich in guanine and cytosine. It appears to lower serum calcium concentrations by blocking the hypercalcemic action of Vitamin D. After IV administration about 25% of the drug is excreted in the urine after 2 hours, and 40% after 15 hours. The main indications are treatment of testicular tumors and control of hypercalcemia and hypercalciuria. 

Dactinomycin is used in curative combined treatment of Wilms tumor, Ewing s sarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, and gestational choriocarcinoma. It is active in testicular tumors, lymphomas, melanomas, and sarcomas, although its use in most of these malignancies has been supplanted by other agents. 

Wilms tumor, Ewing s sarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, gestational choriocarcinoma, testicular tumors, lymphomas, melanomas Breast, ovarian, endometrial, bladder, thyroid cancers oat cell cancer of the lung Testicular, ovarian germ cell cancers, small-cell lung cancer, acute myelogenous and lymphoblastic leukemia... 

Extreme clinical examples of androgen excess include central precocious puberty, the adrenogenital syndromes, and androgen-secreting adrenal, ovarian, or testicular tumors. Less severe problems include idiopathic hirsutism, premenstrual syndrome, and severe cystic acne. 

Testicular tumors IV 25-30 meg/kg/day for8-10 days. Repeat at monthly intervals. Hypercalcemia, hyperuricemia IV 25 meg/kg as a single dose may repeat in 48 hr if no response occurs. Or give 25 meg/kg/dayfor 3-4 days or 25-50 meg/kg/dose every other day for 3-8 doses. 

Also relevant to the appearance of SGG during testicular differentiation were the results of a study performed by Ishizuka and Yamakawa (47). These workers analysed the glycolipid composition of three human seminoma (testicular) tumors. Unlike the control human testicular tissue, no SGG or GG was detected in the tumors. 

The observation that fractions of the rosey periwinkle, Catharanthus rosea, produced severe leukopenia, resulted in the isolation and development of two major anticancer drugs, vincristine and vinblastine. These two complex, dimeric indole-indoline alkaloids are important in the treatment of acute childhood leukemia (vincristine), Hodgkin s disease (vinblastine), and metastatic testicular tumors (vinblastine), and continue to be manufactured today by mass cultivation and processing of their natural source. 

A reduced capacity to repair cisplatin-DNA adducts may be responsible for the clinical effectiveness of the drug in the treatment of certain types of cancer. Cell lines derived from human testicular tumors are hypersensitive... 

The endogenous HMG-domain proteins in HeLa cell free extracts do not seem to affect the relative rates of repair of cisplatin-DNA adducts [54] [62], Nevertheless, the hypothesis that HMG-domain proteins can enhance cellular sensitivity to cisplatin by blocking repair of the DNA adducts is still viable. Several HMG-domain proteins are specifically expressed in the testes ([146] and references cited therein), two of which, tsHMG and hSRY, inhibit the in vitro excision of cisplatin-DNA adducts at lower protein concentrations than any of the other HMG-domain proteins tested [54] [146], Selective expression of these or other such proteins in testicular tumors would provide an explanation for the unusual cisplatin sensitivity of this tumor type and the reduced repair of cisplatin-DNA adducts observed in testicular cell lines (discussed above). 

Testicular cancer is particularly interesting with respect to cisplatin because the addition of this drug to the chemotherapeutic regimen has had such a dramatic effect on patient survival [175][176], In addition, testicular tumors are unusual because they rarely have mutations in the p53 gene... 

Therapeutic applications Bleomycin is primarily employed in the treatment of testicular tumors in combination with vinblastine (see p. 390) or etoposide (see p. 397). Response rates are close to... 

For the mouse, usually NMRI, B6C3F1, or CD1 strains, and for the rat, or Wistar, Sprague Dawley or Fisher rats are recommended. However, Fisher rats show a very high spontaneous incidence (up to 100 %) of testicular tumors and are therefore not the rat strain of choice. Another example is the B6C3F1 mouse which is well known for the high spontaneous incidence of liver tumors. 

Although many other alkaloids have been isolated from C. roseus only vinblastine and vincristine have been developed for clinical use. The antiproliferative activity of the two compounds is related to their specific interaction with tubulin, thus preventing assembly of tubulin into microtubules and arresting cell division (59). However, despite this apparent identical mechanism of action and their clear chemical similarities, vinblastine and vincristine display very different clinical effects. Vinblastine, for example, is used to treat Hodgkin s disease and metastatic testicular tumors, whereas vincristine is used mainly in combination with other anticancer drugs for the treatment of acute lymphocyticleukemia in children. Toxicity profiles are also different, in that vinblastine causes bone-marrow depression, whereas peripheral neuropathy often proves to be dose-limiting in vincristine therapy. 

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