Growth factors cancer

Li, D.M., and Sun H., 1997, TEPl, encoded by a candidate tumor suppressor locus, is a novel protein tyrosine phosphatase regulated by transforming growth factor. Cancer Res. 57 2124-2129. 

Voorzanger N, Touitou R, Garcia E et al. Interleukin (IL)-IO and IL-6 are produced in vivo by non-Hodgkin s lymphoma cells and act as cooperative growth factors. Cancer Res 1996 56 5499-5505. 

C23. Culig, Z., Hobisch, A., Cronauer, M. V., Radmayr, C., Trapman, J., et al, Androgen receptor activation in prostatic tumor cell lines by insulin-like growth factor-1, keratinocyte growth factor and epidermal growth factor. Cancer Res. 54,5474—5478 (1995). 

Chau NM, Rogers P, Aherne W, Carroll V, Collins I, McDonald E, Workman P, Ashcroft M. Identification of novel small molecule inhibitors of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 that differentially block hypoxia-inducible factor-1 activity and hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha induction in response to hypoxic stress and growth factors. Cancer Res. 2005 65 4918-4928. 

Monsky, W. L. Fukumura, D. Gohongi, T Ancukiewcz, M. Welch, H. A. Torchilin, V. P Jain, R. K. Augmentation of transvascular transport of macromolecules and nanoparticles in tumors using vascular endothelial growth factor. Cancer Res. 1999, 59, 4129-4135. 

B. Moss, Vaccinia vims expression vector a new tool for immunologists, Immunology Today, 6, 1985, 243-5 J. A. McCart et al., Systemic cancer therapy with a tumor-selective vaccinia vims mutant lacking thymidine kinase and vaccinia growth factor, Cancer Research, 61, 2001, 8751-7. 

Hori A, Sasada R, Matsutani E, Naito K, Sakura Y, Fujita T, Kozai Y. Suppression of solid tumor growth by immuno-neutralizing monoclonal antibody against human basic fibroblast growth factor. Cancer Res 1991 51 6180-6184. 

Bao S, Wu Q, Sathomsumetee S et al. (2006) Stem cell-like glioma cells promote tumor angiogenesis through vascular endothelial growth factor. Cancer Res 66 7843-7848 Croker AK, Allan AL (2008) Cancer stem cells implications for the progression and treatment of metastatic disease. J Cell Mol Med 12 374-390... 

Whereas epidermal growth factor (EGF) enhances the radiosensitivity of human squamous ceU carcinoma cells in vitro (197), addition of EGF to hormone-deprived MCE-7 breast cancer cells prior to irradiation results ia iacreased radioresistance (198). An anti-EGE-receptor monoclonal antibody blocks the abiUty of EGE to enhance growth and radioresistance. Tumor cells, the growth of which is stimulated by EGE, appear to be protected those where growth is iohibited are sensitized (198). 

The epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2) is a protein found on the surface of cells. Heterodimerization of HER-2 activates the enzyme tyrosine kinase, triggering reactions that cause the cells to grow and multiply. HER-2 is found at abnormally high levels on the surface of many types of cancer cells, which may divide excessively. Antibodies targeting HER-2 (e.g., trastuzumab) are used as antineoplastic agents. 

Erythropoietin is a growth factor produced by interstitial cells of the kidney in response to hypoxia. Erythropoietin stimulates haematopoiesis in the bone marrow. Recombinant human erythropoietin is used to treat anemias, e.g. anemia caused by chronic renal failure and anemia in AIDS and cancer patients. 

When hematopoietic growth factors are used clinically, they can be associated with adverse effects. Very often patients who require hematopoietic growth factors are quite ill with their disease (i.e., cancer or kidney failure) or from their treatment (i.e., chemotherapy) and it is difficult to determine if a recombinant growth factor is responsible for a given side effect. Both rHuG-CSF and rHuGM-CSF are associated with mild-to-moderate... 

The recombinant hematopoietic growth factors have had a significant impact on the treatment of cancer, including prevention of serious infections and anemia. 

Ras is a G protein that cycle between two conformations, an activated Ras-GTP or inactivated form Ras-GDP. Ras, attached to the cell membrane by lipidation, is a key component in many signalling cascades, which couple growth factor receptors to downstream effectors that control such processes as cytoskeletal integrity, proliferation, cell adhesion, apoptosis and cell migration. Mutations and dysregulations of the Ras protein leading to increased invasion and metastasis, and decreased apoptosis are very common in cancers. 

Studies with fenretinide in woman with stage I breast cancer did not show an overall effect of decreasing the risk of contralateral breast cancer. A protective effect could only be observed in premenopausal women, probably due to the modulation of the insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) by fenretinide in this population. 

Growth factor and hormone signalling cascades link mTORCl dysregulation to cancer and Hamartoma syndromes. 

Danielpour D (2005) Functions and regulation of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) in the prostate. Eur J Cancer 41 846-857... 

Mishra L, Derynck R, Mishra B (2005) Transforming growth factor-beta signaling in stem cells and cancer. Science 310 68-71... 

Harari PM (2004) Epidermal growth factor receptor inhibition strategies in oncology. Endocr. Relat. Cancer 11 689-708... 

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