Cooperative growth

Voorzanger N, Touitou R, Garcia E et al. Interleukin (IL)-IO and IL-6 are produced in vivo by non-Hodgkin s lymphoma cells and act as cooperative growth factors. Cancer Res 1996 56 5499-5505. 

A review of Japanese patients found that of the 15 patients who had developed hematological malignancies since 1975, 6 had other risk factors for leukemia, such as Fanconi s syndrome or prior chemotherapy or radiotherapy. The incidence of leukemia in this study was 3 per 100 000, similar to that in the general population of the same age (68). The National Cooperative Growth Study (NCGS—a postmarketing database that includes 19 846 patient-years since the time of growth hormone exposure) similarly reported no increase in the incidence of new leukemia when patients with other risk factors were excluded from the analysis (96). 

Wyatt D. Lessons from the National Cooperative Growth Study. Eur J Endocrinol 2004 151 S55-9. 

Blethen SL, Rundle AC. Slipped capital femoral epiphysis in children treated with growth hormone. A summary of the National Cooperative Growth Study experience. Horm Res 1996 46(3) 113-6. 

Genentech, Inc. National cooperative growth study. Summary report 5. January 1987, Genentech, Inc. 460 Pt. San Bruno Blvd, South San Francisco, CA 94080. 

Moshang T Jr, Rnndle AC, Graves DA, Nickas J, Johanson A, Meadows A. Brain tnmor recurrence in children treated with growth hormone the National Cooperative Growth Stndy experience. J Pediatr 1996 128(5 Pt 2) S4-7. 

The national cooperative growth smdy experience. Pediatrics 1998 102 512-516. 

Frinkik JP, Baptista J. Adult height in growth hormone deficiency Historical perspective and examples from the nation cooperative growth study. Pediatrics 1999 104 1000-1004. 

Generic modeling of cooperative growth patterns in bacterial colonies. Nature 368, 46-49. 

Figure 5 Schematic representation of the three polymerization mechanisms leading to linear SPs (a) isodesmic (b) ring-chain and (c) cooperative growth. The infiuence of concentration and temperature on apparent molecular weight as a function of the growth mechanism is portrayed.

Tod] Todd, J.A., Copley, S.M., Cooperative Growth at friterphase Boundaries in SoUd-SoUd and Solid-Liquid Systems , Scr. Metall., 22(11), 1771-1774 (1988) (Crys. Stracture, Thermodyn., Calculation, Interface Phenomena, 14)... 

In a study of 54 996 children (almost 200 000 patient-years of follow-up) enrolled in the National Cooperative Growth Study (NCGS) concerns were raised to the risk of sudden death [28 ]. Two of 511 patients with Prader-Willi syndrome died suddenly within 6 months of starting growth hormone a 4-year-old obese boy died from apparent worsening of obstructive sleep apnea and bronchopneumonia and a 7-year-old boy died because of pulmonary hypertension and a presumed cardiac event. Mortality is increased in Prader-Willi syndrome, but the rate has not been well quantified in this age group. These cases do not demonstrate causality, but in conjunction... 

The above results allow the definition of one important feature of the assembly of discotic molecules in isotropic solution. There seem to be conditions (controlled by temperature, concentration, and solvent type) in which contact forces are weak and loose binding of the unimers produces short columns with low DP and little or no chiral amplification. Cooperative growth ensues even though a detailed mechanism is often unclear. The critical nucleus size is not readily identified from theory (cf Section n.B.3) but might be associated with the number of disks included in the pitch of the highly correlated helix forming when contact forces increase at low temperature. 

Cases in which equilibria constants are rather weak (exemplified by folic acid tetramers. Table 1, polymer 7, cf. Section III.C.2) show complete uncoupling between growth and liquid crystallinity. Data in Figure 18 evidence no cooperative growth producing large (>1) axial ratios. Themesophase appears at 40% concentration and DP is 10 when the axial ratio is still <1. 

More deeply into the polymerized regime where XaA 2 1 does produce a square-root growth law, Nn N2 X/Kn 1, although the growth remains strongly enhanced by the activation step that essentially provides a cooperative growth mechanism [13]. In this regime we also retrieve our previous result for the size distribution P2(N)v (pN exp(—A /iV ). 

If Vo = Voo then both oxide and metal remain exposed to the gas throughout the reaction this corresponds to the special case of coupled or cooperative growth of metal and pores. 

Cooperative growth occurring within a single assembly can occur without the simultaneous formation of a mesophase. Site distribution is instead the most relevant parameter. Consider for instance the multiple H-bonded systems ihustrated in Fig. 2. For polymer C the formation of the first H-bond tends to favor the formation of the parallel ones. With respect to the single H-bond of Fig. 2A, the... 

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