Groundwater surfaces

Regulations and Guidelines a. Water Colorado Groundwater, surface water standards 8 ppb (0.008 mg/L) Colorado 1993a, 1993b... 

For off-site land disposal of wastes resulting from a CERCLA activity, the program contains two additional requirements. First, the unit in which the wastes are to be disposed must not be releasing hazardous wastes or constituents into groundwater, surface water, or soil. Second, any releases from other units of the facility must be under an approved RCRA corrective action program. This policy assures that wastes shipped off-site from CERCLA sites are sent to environmentally sound waste management facilities. 

Our work represents an extension of previous studies made by a research team from the Institute of Isotopic and Molecular Technology, Cluj-Napoca (Blaga et al. 1981) on the present free waters system from Padurea Craiului - Oradea area (Romania), that includes different sources of groundwaters, surface waters, as well as geothermal waters. 

Cores were collected from the NATA and adjacent wetland. Solid material was obtained from the aquifer beneath the NATA by filtering water samples from MW17. Pore water was squeezed from cores in a hydraulic press. Groundwater, surface and lake water samples were filtered (0.2 pm) in the field. Sub-samples were acidified to preserve cations. Arsenic species were separated on site by passing filtrate through SAX cartridges (Le et al. 2000). 

Proximity to receptors (groundwater, surface water, basements, direct animal and human exposure, etc.) and... 

Polynitroaromatic compounds are used as explosives. They are toxic and might cause liver damage, methemoglobinemia and uncoupling of the oxidative phosphorylation process. Trace analyses of polynitroaromatic residues in groundwater, surface water, rainwater... 

Colloids are present in natural waters (i.e., surface and groundwaters). Surface systems receive terrestrial input as runoff, which carries solid-derived materials into streams, rivers, lakes, or estuaries. Groundwater receives leachates from land fills and percolation water and is frequently well connected with surface water bodies. Colloids may also be formed in situ by native processes of precipitation and dissolution, suspension, or biological activity [103,104]. 

Shi and Adams recently created a rapid IC/ICF-MS method for simultaneously measuring iodoacetic acids, bromoacetic acids, iodate, and bromate in drinking water, groundwater, surface water, and swimming pool water [165]. Method detection limits were sub-pg/L for iodinated DBFs, and low-pg/L for brominated DBFs. 

Kannan K, Praamsma M, Oldi IF, Kunisue T, Sinha RK (2009) Occurrence of perchlorate in drinking water, groundwater, surface water and human saliva from India. Chemosphere 76 22-26... 

Wu Q, Zhang T, Sun H, Kannan K (2010) Perchlorate in drinking water, groundwater, surface waters and bottled water from China, and its association with other inorganic anions and with disinfection byproducts. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 58 543-550... 

The salt content of groundwater, surface water, and soils is a major factor in determining their benefit to the community, the economy, and the environment. In many areas around the globe, increasing demand for water has created tremendous pressures on water resources, which resulted in lowering water levels and increasing salinization. 

Five pathways were assessed during the project Groundwater, Surface water. Air pathway. Direct contact, and Stream sediments. 

Additional design, operating, and monitoring requirements may be necessary for facilities managing dioxin wastes in order to reduce the possibility of migration of these wastes to groundwater, surface water, or air so as to protect human health and the environment. 

Air strippers are ex situ devices used to physically transfer volatile organic contaminants (VOCs) from groundwater, surface water, or wastewater to air. Contaminants are not destroyed by air stripping, but once they are transferred to the airstream, they may be destroyed by oxidation or incineration, or removed using activated carbon absorption. 

A continuous circulation of groundwater is generated in the area surrounding the remediation well, as aquifer waters replace the annulus water. The circulation thus delivers new contaminants to the stripping zone. Volatile contaminants dissolved in the groundwater are transferred from the liquid to the gas phase and are extracted from the groundwater surface via a double-cased screen. Soil air from the unsaturated zone is also extracted and transported to the off-gas treatment system. 

The SBP membrane filtration system concentrates contaminants and reduces the volume of contaminated groundwater, surface water, storm water, landfill leachates, and industrial process water. This hyperfiltration system consists of stainless steel tubes coated with a multilayered membrane, which is formed in-place using proprietary chemicals. The membrane filtration system can be used with an SBP bioremediation system or another technology as part of a treatment train. 

Methods for Parent Compound and Degradation Products in Environmental Media. Adequate methods appear to be available for the analysis of isophorone in groundwater, surface water, soil, and workplace air. No methods were found for the analysis of isophorone in ambient air, where concentrations are expected to be much lower than in workplace air. If the parent compound is stable as in the present case, it is essential that its concentrations in different environmental media be known so that the level of its exposure can be estimated. 

Thousands of tonnes of methyl chloride are produced naturally every day, primarily in the oceans. Other significant natural sources include forest and brush fires and volcanoes. Although the atmospheric budget of methyl chloride can be accounted for by volatilization from the oceanic reservoir, its production and use in the manufacture of silicones and other chemicals and as a solvent and propellant can make a significant impact on the local atmospheric concentration of methyl chloride. It has been detected at low levels in drinking-water, groundwater, surface water, seawater, effluents, sediments, in the atmosphere, in fish samples and in human milk samples (Holbrook, 1993 United States National Library of Medicine, 1998). Tobacco smoke contains methyl chloride (lARC, 1986). 

Eh-pH diagrams are sometimes used to predict or describe the major dissolved species and precipitates that should exist at equilibrium in aqueous solutions, including groundwaters, surface waters, laboratory solutions, and porewaters from soils, sediments, or rocks. However, as previously described, many natural aqueous systems are not at equilibrium and they often contain metastable species that are not predicted by Eh-pH diagrams. Metastable species refer to compounds, other substances, or ions that are present under redox, pH, pressure, temperature, or other conditions where chemical equilibrium indicates that they should be unstable and absent. Many metastable species (such as As(III) in oxygenated seawater) result from biological activity. 

Szramek, K Walter, L.M. and McCall, P. (2004) Arsenic mobility in groundwater/surface water systems in carbonate-rich Pleistocene glacial drift aquifers (Michigan). Applied Geochemistry, 19(7), 1137-55. 

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