Water percolating

Sicker-taok, m. percolating tank, -wasser, n. ground water infiltrated water, percolating water. 

Solution porosity refers to voids formed by the solution of the more soluble portions of the rock in the presence of subsurface migrating (or surface percolating) waters containing carbonic and other organic acids. Solution porosity is also called vugularporosity where individual holes are called vugs. 

Organic acid fluorescence. In a similar manner to trace constituents, such as Mg, Sr and P, concentrations of organic acids present in speleothem calcite are sufficient to observe variation at temporal scales of less than annual in some cases (e.g.. Baker et al. 1993, Shopov et al. 1994). Organic acids (humic and fulvic) are formed in the soil by humification, and transported to the cave void by percolating waters where they are entrapped in precipitating carbonates. Under certain circumstances, where precipitation patterns are strongly seasonal and the nature of vadose percolation is such that seasonal mixing is incomplete, bands with different luminescent intensities can be differentiated after excitation with UV radiation. In other cases, bands are not observable but secular... 

For an argillic horizon to form, the (coagulated) clay must disperse in the horizon of eluviation before it is transported to the depth of accumulation by percolating water. 

Koeppe, M.K. and E.P. Lichtenstein. 1982. Effects of percolating water, captafol, and EPTC on the movement and metabolism of soil-applied (14C) carbofuran in an agromicrocosm. Jour. Agric. Food Chem, 30 116-121. 

Colloids are present in natural waters (i.e., surface and groundwaters). Surface systems receive terrestrial input as runoff, which carries solid-derived materials into streams, rivers, lakes, or estuaries. Groundwater receives leachates from land fills and percolation water and is frequently well connected with surface water bodies. Colloids may also be formed in situ by native processes of precipitation and dissolution, suspension, or biological activity [103,104]. 

Leaching. The process of extracting a soluble material by percolating water throus h it to dissolve the material. Later the water and dissolved material are separated by various means. Leaching is used to remove salts from ores. 

Heavy metals, toxic organics and other pollntants have often freqnently been added to wetlands both accidentally and on pnrpose, exploiting their buffering and storage capacities. The chemistry of snbmerged soils and sediments is such that pollutants may be effectively removed from the percolating water in redox, sorption and precipitation reactions. But the effects of long-term accumulation of pollutants on nutrient cycles and other wetland functions are not well understood. 

Biological. [ C]Phorate degraded in a model ecosystem consisting of soil, plants, and water (Lichtenstein et al, 1974). Under both nonpercolating and percolating water conditions, 12% of the applied amount migrated downward as the corresponding sulfone and sulfoxide. Phorate was absorbed in the roots of corn and was transformed primarily to the sulfone with trace amounts of the sulfoxide. Translocation of radioactive insecticide to the leaves was also observed but the major products were identified as phoratoxon sulfone and phoratoxon sulfoxide. 

Lichtenstein, E.P., Fuhremann, T.W., and Schulz, K.R. Translocationandmetabolismof[ C]phorate as affected by percolating water in a model soiLplant ecosystem, J. Agric. Food Chem., 22(6) 991-996, 1974. 

Downward movement of triazines may occur from percolating water carrying them to lower soil depths. Within well-structured soils with abundant macropores, triazines have been reported to move to deeper depths than in nonstructured soils with fewer pores. Increased permeability, percolation, and solute movement can result from increased porosity -especially in no-tillage systems where there is pore connectivity at the soil surface. Triazines can move to shallow ground-water by macropore flow in sandy soil if sufficient rainfall occurs shortly after they are applied (Ritter et al, 1994a, b). 

Several kinetic models have appeared to describe phosphorus reactions in soils. Enfield (1978) classified models for estimating phosphorus concentrations in percolate waters derived from soil that had been treated with wastewater into three categories (1) empirical models that are not based on known theory (2) two-phase kinetic models that assume a solution phase and some adsorbed phase and (3) multiphase models, which include solution, adsorbed, or precipitated phases. Mansell and Selim (1981) classified models as shown in Table 9.2. The reader is urged to consult this reference for a complete discussion of the phosphorus kinetic models. For the purpose of this discussion, attention will be given to models that assume reversible phosphorus removal from solution, which can occur simultaneously by equilibrium and nonequilibrium reactions, and mechanistic multiphase models for reactions and transport of phosphorus applied to soils. 

Enfield, C. G. (1978). Evaluation of phosphorus models for prediction of percolate water quality in land treatment. In State of the Knowledge in Land Treatment of Wastewater (H. L. McKim, ed.), Vol. 1, pp. 153-162. U.S. Army Cold Reg. Res. Eng. Lab.) Hanover, New Hampshire. 

Tucker, E.S., Litschgi, W.J., Mees, W.M. (1975) Migration of polychlorinated biphenyls in soil induced by percolating water. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 13, 86. 

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