Grape seeds

Grape production in the United States has increased during the last 20 years from about 4 million tons in 1971 to 5.7 million tons in 1990 (Table 7.6) (US Department of Agriculture, 1991). California, New York and Washington are the major producers with most of the crop going into wine production, then dried raisins, table, juice and canned products in order of use. The dollar value has increased from US 381.6 to US 1662 millions. 

Since raisins are seedless and not a source of oil the are not discussed further. None of the seeds in table grapes are available for processing. 

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Linoleic acid Grape seed, tobacco seed, sun flower seed oil Gorlic acid Seed of Onsoba gorlic seed... 

YAMAKOSHi J, KTAOKA s, KOGA T, ARiGA T (1999) Proanthocyanidin-rich extract from grape seed attenuates the development of aortic atherosclerosis in cholesterol-fed rabbits, Atherosclerosis, 142, 139-49. 

Natural products have been noted for their potential health benefits from time immemorial and are the basis of Ayurveda, an ancient Indian medical practice (Bushkin and Bushkin, 2002). However, the potential benefits of several natural products reside in one or two active ingredients. For example green tea stands for polyphenols, soy for soy estrogens, broccoli for isothiocyanates and grape seed for polyphenols. The beauty of rice bran is that there are more than 100 antioxidants, several categories of bioactive phytonutrients, such as IP6, polyphenols, phytosterols, tocotrienols, y-oryzanol, B vitamins, minerals and trace minerals in addition to fat, protein, fiber, polysaccharides and other nutrients. These phytonutrients and antioxidants of rice bran are believed to act at the cellular level, and their synergestic function is responsible for the positive health benefits. 

Nakamura, Y., Tsuji, S., and Tonogai, Y, Analysis of proanthocyanidins in grape seed extracts, health foods and grape seed oils, J. Health Set, 49, 45, 2003. 

Some flavonoids, such as procyanidins, have antidiabetic properties because they improve altered glucose and oxidative metabolisms of diabetic states (Pinent and others 2004). Extract of grape seed procyanidins (PE) administered orally to streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats resulted in an antihyperglycemic effect, which was significantly increased if PE administration was accompanied by a low insulin dose (Pinent and others 2004). The antihyperglycemic effect of PE may be partially due to the insuli-nomimetic activity of procyanidins on insulin-sensitive cell lines. 

Pinent M, Blay M, Blade MC, Salvado MJ, Arola L and Ardevol A. 2004. Grape seed-derived procyanidins have an antihyperglycemic effect in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats and insuhnomimetic activity in insulin-sensitive cell lines Endocrinology 145(11) 4985 1990. 

Sato M, Bagchi D, Tosaki A and Das DK. 2001. Grape seed proanthocyanidin reduces cardiomyocyte apoptosis by inhibiting ischemia/reperfusion-induced activation of JNK-1 and C-JUN. Free Radic Biol Med 31(6) 729-737. 

Goni I and Serrano J. 2005. The intake of dietary fiber from grape seeds modifies the antioxidant status in rat cecum. J Sci Food Agric 85 1877-1881. 

Beveridge THJ, Girard B, Kopp T and Drover JCG. 2005. Yield and composition of grape seed oils extracted by supercritical carbon dioxide and petroleum ether varietal effects. J Agric Food Chem 53(5) 1799-1804. 

Gomez AM, Lopez CP and de la Ossa EM. 1996. Recovery of grape seed oil by liquid and supercritical carbon dioxide extraction a comparison with conventional solvent extraction. Chem Eng J 61(3) 227—231. 

Murga R, Ruiz R, Beltran S and Cabezas JL. 2000. Extraction of natural complex phenols and tannins from grape seeds by using supercritical mixtures of carbon dioxide and alcohol. J Agric Food Chem... 

Murga R, Sanz MT, Beltran S and Cabezas JL. 2002. Solubility of some phenolic compounds contained in grape seeds in supercritical carbon dioxide. J Supercrit Fluids 23(2) 113-121. 

Lu Y, Zhou WZ, Chang Z, Chen W-X and Li L. 2004. Procyanidins from grape seeds protect against phorbol ester-induced oxidative cellular and genotoxic damage. Acta Pharmacol Sin 25(8) 1083-1089. 

Fig. 2.61. Separation of grape seed extract (a) and grape seed extract spiked with mixture of eight compounds (b) using optimized conditions. Chromatographic conditions are discussed in the text. Peak identification 1 = 2-phenylethanol 2 = vanillin 3 = ferulic acid 4 = protocatechoic acid 5 = caffeic acid 6 = gallic acid 7 = catechin 8 = epicatechin. Reprinted with permission from A. Kamangerpour et al. [167].

A. Kamangerpour, M. Ashraf-Khorassani, L.T. Taylor, H.M. McNair and L. Charida, Supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) of polyphenolic compounds in grape seed extract. Chromatographia 55 (2002) 417 -21. 

B. Bagchi, M. Bagchi, S.J. Stohs, D.K. Das, S.D. Ray, C.A. Kuszynski, S.S. Joshi and H.G. Pruess, Free radicals and grape seed proanthocyanidin extract importance in human health and disease prevention. Toxicology 148 (2000) 187-197. 

K.W. Singletary and B. Meline, Effect of grape seed proanthocyanidins on colon aberant crypts and breast tumors in a rat dual-organ tumor model. Nutr. Cane. 39 (2001) 252-258. 

Fractionation of Grape Seed Proanthocyanidins for Bioactivity Assessment... 

The aim of this chapter is to highlight recent advances in fractionation techniques for grape seed PAs, using as examples methods we are using for large-scale fractionation into monomers, oligomers, and polymers for assessment of bioactivity and bioavailability in animal model studies of Alzheimer s disease. Our methods represent modifications/combinations of previously described approaches. We first discuss the available methods and modifications and then present a case study for the fractionation of MegaNatural-AZ GSE. 

Methods for PA Extraction, Separation, and Analysis 3.2.1 Extraction of Grape Seed PAs... 

Fig. 3.2 Extraction efficiencies of grape seed proanthocyanidins in different solvents. Vertical bars represent standard deviation (adapted with permission from [23])...

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