Procyanidins Grape seed extract

Kohler N, Wray V, Winterhalter P (2008) Preparative isolation of procyanidins from grape seed extracts by high-speed counter-current chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1177 114-125... 

Sano, A., Yamakoshi, J., Tokutake, S., Tobe, K., Kubota, Y., and Kikuchi, M., Procyanidin B1 is detected in human serum after intake of proanthocyanidin-rich grape seed extract, Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem., 67, 1140, 2003. 

Grape seed extract, which is another widely used plant extract similar to pycnogenol, contains procyanidins, which have a strong antioxidant activity. 

Tsang, C. Auger, C. Mullen, W. Bornet, A. Rouanet, J.M. Crozier, A. Teissedre, P. L. 2005. The absorption, metabolism and excretion of flavan-3-ols and procyanidins following the ingestion of a grape seed extract by rats. Br. J. Nutr. 94 170-181. 

Saito, M., Hosoyama, H., Ariga, T., Kataoka, S., and Yamaji, N. 1998. Antiulcer activity of grape seed extracts and procyanidins. J. Agric. Food Chem. 46(4) 1460-1464. 

Figure 6.31. Positive-ion MALDI-TOF reflectron mode mass spectrum of grape seed extract (matrix 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid). (Reprinted from Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 48, Yang and Chien, Characterization of grape procyanidins using high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry and matrix-assisted laser desorption time-of-flight mass spectrometry, p. 3993, Copyright 2000, with permission from American Chemical Society.)...

Procyanidin B4, catechin, gallic acid from grape seed extract Mice spleen cells Inhibited H202-induced damage to DMA. [77] ... 

It was reported that esterification of (—)-epicatechin and procyanidin B2 by gallic acid can occur and that these gallate esters are only found in the grape seed extract. Grape seed extract contains oligomer procyanidins made up of dimers or trimers of (+)-catechin and (—)-epicatechin.4-6 The procyanidin dimers are comprised of procyanidins Bl, B2, B3, B4, B5, B6, B7, and B8. There are six procyanidin trimers which include procyanidins Cl and C2. 

In fact, many aspects beyond the functional properties must be considered for the addition of polyphenols to dairy products. Apart from their antioxidant capacity, their sensorial attributes such as bitterness or the astringency of procyanidins can be easily translated into the dairy product [160]. When grape seed extract was added to low-fat ultra-high temperature (UHT) milk, the flavor characteristics of the milk were suppressed. Moreover, astringency and bitterness were also detected in fortified milks. The authors suggest joining this extract to cyclodextrins, thus forming complex polyphenols that result in reduced perception of sensory attributes [160, 161]. 

Donovan, J.L., Manach, C., Rios, L. et al (2002b) Procyanidins are not bioavaUable in rats fed a single meal containing a grape seed extract or the procyanidin dimer B3. Br. J. Nutr., 87, 299-306. 

Some flavonoids, such as procyanidins, have antidiabetic properties because they improve altered glucose and oxidative metabolisms of diabetic states (Pinent and others 2004). Extract of grape seed procyanidins (PE) administered orally to streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats resulted in an antihyperglycemic effect, which was significantly increased if PE administration was accompanied by a low insulin dose (Pinent and others 2004). The antihyperglycemic effect of PE may be partially due to the insuli-nomimetic activity of procyanidins on insulin-sensitive cell lines. 

---