Commercial relevance

The section is divided into four parts, which discuss the common reservoir types from a geological viewpoint, the fluids which are contained within the reservoir, the principal methods of data gathering and the ways in which this data is interpreted. Each section is introduced by pointing out its commercial relevance. 

Reaction of a metal lactate (such as silver lactate) with an alkyl haUde is a classic method of preparation of the ester, but it is too expensive to be of commercial relevance. Lactamide [2043-43-8] is another high yielding condensation product from lactic acid. It can be produced by aminolysis of dilactide or lactate ester such as methyl or ethyl lactate. 

It is interesting the case of i-PB, crystallizing by rapid cooling from the melt in the metastable form II, which spontaneously and gradually in a few days is transformed into the more stable crystalline form I (Sect. 3.1). This is certainly a main factor in determining the limited commercial relevance of this polymer. 

Other commercially relevant monomers have also been modeled in this study, including acrylates, styrene, and vinyl chloride.55 Symmetrical a,dienes substituted with the appropriate pendant functional group are polymerized via ADMET and utilized to model ethylene-styrene, ethylene-vinyl chloride, and ethylene-methyl acrylate copolymers. Since these models have perfect microstructure repeat units, they are a useful tool to study the effects of the functionality on the physical properties of these industrially important materials. The polymers produced have molecular weights in the range of 20,000-60,000, well within the range necessary to possess similar properties to commercial high-molecular-weight material. 

The selective hydrogenation of a,P-unsaturated aldehydes to allylic alcohols (desired products) and/or saturated aldehydes is of commercial relevance, as mentioned in the... 

TABLE 2 Applications of LLE to Separations of Commercial Relevance Application... 

Fig. 2. The master graph of reversible capacity for lithium plotted versus heat treatment temperature for a variety of carbon samples. The three regions of commercial relevance are marked. Solid symbols are data for soft carbons, open symbols are data for hard carbons.

Electrochemistry offers new routes to the production of several commercially relevant a-arylpropionic acids, used as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents (NSAI) [178,182]. A preparative method based on sacrificial Al-electrodes has been set up for the electrocarboxylation of ketones [117,183-187] and successfully applied to the electrocarboxylation of aldehydes, which failed with conventional systems. The electrocarboxylation of 6-methoxy-acetonaphthone to 2-hydroxy-2-(6-methoxynaphthyl)propionic acid, followed by chemical hydrogenation to 2-(6-methoxynaphthyl)-2-propionic acid - one of the most active NSAI acids - has been developed up to the pilot stage [184,186],... 

This discussion lays out the basic concepts involved in design using water as the subject contaminant. In the next sections we examine a handful of commercially relevant adsorptive separations. We find that the design ideas are all readily transferable but that in each application there are additional special considerations that enter into the sizing of the adsorption system. 

Commercially Relevant Model for Large-Scale Enzyme Production... 

We commonly refer to the level of effect to be detected as the cliniMlly relevant difference (crd) what level of effect is an important effect from a clinical standpoint. Note also that crd stands for commercially relevant difference it could well be that the decision is based on commercial interests. Finally crd stands for cynically relevant difference It does happen from time to time that a statistician is asked to do a sample size calculation, oh and by the way, we want 200 patients The issue here of course is budget and the question really is what level of effect are we able to detect with a sample size of 200 ... 

The clinically/commercially relevant difference (crd). If the expected difference is larger than this then it could be worth considering powering for the expected effect, the sample size will be lower. 

Dupont and co-workers studied the Pd-catalyzed dimerization [108] and cyclodimerization [109] of butadiene in non-chloroaluminate ionic liquids. The biphasic dimerization of butadiene is an attractive research goal since the products formed, 1,3,5-octatriene and 1,3,6-octatriene, are sensitive towards undesired polymerization, so that separation by distillation is usually not possible. These octa-trienes are of some commercial relevance as intermediates for the synthesis of fragrances, plasticizers, and adhesives. Through the use of PdCl2 with two equivalents of the ligand PPhj dissolved in [BMIM][Pp6], [BMIM][Bp4], or [BMIM][CF3S03], it was possible to obtain the octatrienes with 100 % selectivity (after 13 % conversion) (Scheme 5.2-23) [108]. The turnover frequency (TOP) was in the range of 50 mol butadiene converted per mol catalyst per hour, which represents a substantial increase in catalyst activity in comparison to the same reaction under otherwise identical conditions (70 °C, 3 h, butadiene/Pd = 1250) in THF (TOP = 6 h ). 

One of the major applications of recombinant DNA technology has been to produce large amounts of commercially relevant proteins, including enzymes, receptors, and peptide messengers of various sorts. The sequences of these proteins, at least in the initial stages of investigation and production, have been those found in nature, so that the structure and function of the protein products of cloning would be the same as those of natural proteins extracted from tissue, serum, and so forth. 

Whereas most effort has been directed toward the zeolite ZSM-5 and its all-silica polymorph silicalite, other frameworks such as zeolite A, faujas-ite, and ferrierite have also been considered. This theoretical interest mirrors the commercial relevance of these zeolites. 

This chapter will focus on the liquid chromatographic analysis of the commercially relevant nonvolatile material in hops and their processed counterparts, together with their subsequent derivatives in beers. As yet, there do not appear to be any reports of the chromatographic properties of the bittering components of Garcinia kola, so these will not be discussed further here. 

The scope of this review is limited to the hop-borne a- and /3-acids and to products derived from them that have appreciable commercial relevance. Thus, the liquid chromatography of the iso-a-acids and their chemically modified counterparts as well as of the hulupones will be considered. By far the major focus here will be HPLC analyses, but other methodologies that have been applied (countercurrent distribution, gas chromatography, supercritical-fluid chromatography, thin-layer chromatography, and micellar electrokinetic chromatography) will also be briefly considered. 

The Danishefsky group reported the use of an organocatalytic intramolecular aldol reaction in the synthesis of a key intermediate, 108, for preparation of optically active estrone and commercially relevant 19-norsteroids [118, 119]. In the presence... 

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