Phytochemical analysis

Vanrensen, I. and Veit, M. (1995). Simultaneous determination of phenolics and alkaloids using ion-exchange chromatography for sample preparation. Phytochemical Analysis 6 121-124. 

Manners, G. D. and Pfister, J. A. 1993. Normal phase liquid-chromatographic analysis of toxic norditerpenoid alkaloids. Phytochemical Analysis, 4 14-18. 

Soto-Hernandez, M. and Jackson, A. H. 1993. Studies of alkaloids in foliage of Erythrinia berteroana and E. poeppigiana detection of 3-erythroidine in goats milk. Phytochemical Analysis, 4 97-99. 

Simoes-Pires, C. A., Queiroz, E. F., Henriques, A. T., and Hostettmann, K., Isolation and on-hne identification of antioxidant compounds from three Baccharis species by HPLC-UV-MS/MS with post-column derivatisation. Phytochemical Analysis 16(5), 307-314, 2005. 

Mandal P, Misra TK, Ghosal M. Free-radical scavenging activity and phytochemical analysis in the leaf and stem of Drymaria diandra Blume. International Journal of Integrative Biology. 2009 7(2) 80-84. 

Navarro, F. N, Souza, M. M, Neto, R. A, Gohn, V, Niero, R, Yrmes, R. A. Delle Monache, F. Cechinel Filho, Phytochemical analysis and analgesic properties of Curcuma Zedoaria grwn in Brasil. Phytomedicine, n.9, 2002, 427-432. 

Fernandes, J. B., Griffiths, D. W., Bain, H., Fernandes, F. A. N. (1996). The development and evaluation of capillary electrophoretic methods for the determination of the major phenolic constituents of potato Solanum tuberosum) tubers. Phytochem. Analysis, 7, 253-258. 

In addition to the presence of natural coumarin derivatives, phytochemical analysis found that dong quai also contains ferulic acid and osthole as ingredients. Ferulic acid was reported to have antithrombotic activity (38). Similarly, study using the closely related Angelica pubescens also found osthole to be antithrombotic (39). These two chemical constituents exert their antithrombotic effects by interfering with different pathways responsible... 

A comprehensive recent review paper on the application of LC-NMR in phytochemical analysis is recommended for further reading [1],... 

Hostettmann, K. Lederer, M. and Marston, A. (2000) A study of the cyclodextrin complexes of flavonoids and azodyes by thin layer chromatography. Part II. Hydroxypropyl-cyclodextrins, Phytochemical Analysis 11, 380-382. 

Jaminet, F., Paper microchromatography in phytochemical analysis application to Congolian Strych-nos, J. Pharm. Belg., 8, 339 and 449, 1953 Chem. Abs., 48, 8482c, 1954. 

Schubert, V. and Mosandl, A. (1 991) Chiral compounds of essential oils. VIII. Stereo differentiation of linalool using multidimensional gas chromatography. Phytochemical Analysis 2, 1 71-1 74. 

Pellati, F., Benvenuti, S., and Melegari, M. 2005. Chromatographic performance of a new polar poly(ethylene glycol) bonded phase for the phytochemical analysis of Hypericum perforatum L. Journal of Chromatography A, 1088 205-17. 

The Procedure, Principle, and Instrumentation of Antioxidant Phytochemical Analysis... 

Tandem mass spectrometry or MS/MS is frequently used for structural elucidation of phytochemicals to provide more detailed information about the structure and composition of a molecule. This involves two mass spectral steps and fragmentation of the compound occurs between the steps. The two steps may be separated in space or in time depending on whether two distinct separation elements are used (space) or two different separations occur in the same place over time. As described previously, an IT analyzer can be used to successively fragment a molecule to provide MS" spectra, an example of separation in time. A triple quadrupole mass spectrometer is a form of tandem mass spectrometry in space in which two quadrupoles serve as mass filters while a third, positioned in the middle, allows for collision-induced dissociation. Triple quadrupoles are common in phytochemical analysis, and have been used to characterize phenolic compounds in fruit juices (Abad-Garcia et ah, 2009) and procyanidins and alkaloids in cocoa (Ortega et ah, 2010), among others. 

Gas chromatography (GC) is another widely used analytical technique for phytochemical determination. Similar to HPLC, GC requires sample preparation, which may include lipid extraction and/or extraction of phytochemicals. Once the sample is prepared, it enters the inlet system, flows through the column, and then reaches the detector. In the case of phytochemical analysis, the detector is often a flame ionization detector, which is suitable for all organic particles, or more commonly, the sample passes through the column directly to a mass spectrometer, which serves as the detector. 

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