FUMARIC ANHYDRIDE COPOLYMER

This family of VI improvers are styrene-fumarate copolymers from the esterification of an 1 1 styrene-maleic anhydride copolymer [45], Only dispersant versions are available, the dispersancy provided by either an amide or, more likely, the imide derived from V-(3-aminopropyl)morpholine. Molecular weights, Mw, are in the range of 350,000-700,000 with M IM of 3. ... 

Unsaturated Poly (fumaric anhydride) Poly (4,4 -stilbene dicarboxylic acid anhydride) Homopolymers are crystalline and insoluble in organic solvents, copolymers with aliphatic acids renders it less crystalline and soluble in chlorinated hydrocarbons. 

Biodegradable copolymers of fumaric anhydride and isophthalic anhydride were synthesised by the melt condensation polymerisation of purified prepolymer mixtures and formulated into microspheres loaded with theophylline and diltiazem hydrochloride using a solvent extraction procedure. The important parameters of the microencapsulation process were identified and in vitro... 

Billiani and co-workers [90] observed that pyrolysis of styrene-maleic anhydride copolymer and styrene diethyl maleate at 450 °C produced products of toluene, ethyl benzene, styrene monomer from the maleic anhydride and diethyl fumarate copolymers and styrene oligomers from the styrene diethyl maleate copolymers. 

A special case of asymmetric enantiomer-differentiating polymerization is the isoselective copolymerization of optically active 3-methyl-1-pentene with racemic 3,7-dimethyl-1-octene by TiCl4 and diisobutylzinc [Ciardelli et al., 1969]. The copolymer is optically active with respect to both comonomer units as the incorporated optically active 3-methyl-l-pentene directs the preferential entry of only one enantiomer of the racemic monomer. The directing effect of a chiral center in one monomer unit on the second monomer, referred to as asymmetric induction, is also observed in radical and ionic copolymerizations. The radical copolymerization of optically active a-methylbenzyl methacrylate with maleic anhydride yields a copolymer that is optically active even after hydrolytic cleavage of the optically active a-methylbenzyl group from the polymer [Kurokawa and Minoura, 1979]. Similar results were obtained in the copolymerizations of mono- and di-/-menthyl fumarate and (—)-3-(P-styryloxy)menthane with styrene [Kurokawa et al., 1982],... 

The second essential component of the base copolymer are monomers, such as acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, itaconic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, etc. Although maleic anhydride is not a carboxylic acid in that it has no hydrogen attached to the carboxyl groups, it can be considered an acid for the purposes to be incorporated in... 

Acrylic acid [79-10-7] - [AIR POLLUTION] (Vol 1) - [ALDEHYDES] (Vol 1) - [ALLYL ALCOHOL AND MONOALLYL DERIVATIVES] (Vol 2) - [MALEIC ANHYDRIDE, MALEIC ACID AND FUMARIC ACID] (Vol 15) - [POLYESTERS, UNSATURATED] (Vol 19) - [FLOCCULATING AGENTS] (Vol 11) - [CARBOXYLICACIDS - SURVEY] (Vol 5) -from acetylene [ACETYLENE-DERIVED CHEMICALS] (Vol 1) -from acrolein [ACROLEIN AND DERIVATIVES] (Vol 1) -acrylic esters from [ACRYLIC ESTER P OLYMERS - SURVEY] (Vol 1) -from carbon monoxide [CARBON MONOXIDE] (Vol 5) -C-21 dicarboxylic acids from piCARBOXYLIC ACIDS] (Vol 8) -decomposition product [MAT. ETC ANHYDRIDE, MALEIC ACID AND FUMARIC ACID] (Vol 15) -economic data [CARBOXYLIC ACIDS - ECONOMIC ASPECTS] (Vol 5) -ethylene copolymers [IONOMERS] (Vol 14) -in floor polishes [POLISHES] (Vol 19) -in manufacture of ion-exchange resins [ION EXCHANGE] (V ol 14) -in methacrylate copolymers [METHACRYLIC POLYMERS] (Vol 16) -in papermaking [PAPERMAKING ADDITIVES] (Vol 18)... 

Maleic Anhydride. Maleic anhydride is one of the fastest-growing chemical end-uses for butane. The demand in the United States was about 500 million lb in 2000. About 60 percent of the maleic anhydride produced goes into the manufacture of unsaturated polyester resins, used primarily in fiber-reinforced plastics for construction, marine, and transportation industries. It is also used to make lube oil additives, alkyd resins, fumaric and malic acids, copolymers, and agricultural chemicals. 

Copolymers of fumaric acid or maleic anhydride and isophthalic add were prepared by melt condensation at 250-300 °C for 8 hours using acetic anhydride or polyphosphoric acid as dehydrative agents [43]. 

In another approach, the SAN backbone of ABS was modified through copolymerization with maleic anhydride. This modification introduced controlled amounts of an anhydride functionality on ABS, which upon subsequent melt blending with a PA reacts to form a graft copolymer of SAN and PA which effectively compatibilizes the blend. Commercial blends of ABS with PA-6 and PA-66, introduced by Monsanto under the trade name of Triax 1000, utilize this reactive compatibilization technology [Lavengood et al, 1987]. In another technique of reactive compatibilization, commercial grades of ABS were directly modified by reactive extrusion with maleic anhydride or fumaric acid and then melt blended with PA-6 and optionally adding small amounts of functionalized EP mbber [Akkapeddi et al, 1990]. 

Among the carboxylic acid and anhydride functional monomers that have been employed in the synthesis of these thickener polymers are acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, itaconic acid, citraconic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, crotonic acid, maleic anhydride, and citraconic anhydride. The copolymers containing maleic and citraconic anhydride monomers are either hydrolyzed or partially esterified to obtain the required carboxyl functionality. Among these carboxylic monomers, maleic anhydride and particularly methacrylic acid are most frequently favored. Carboxylic homopolymers, where they can be formed, might be considered the simplest examples of ASTs were it not for the fact that they are not copolymers as defined, and some are water soluble in their un-ionized states. Examples of carboxylic homopolymers are the un-ionized free-radical-polymerized atactic forms of polyacrylic acid (i) and polymethacrylic acid (2), which are both readily soluble in water. 

Other compounds reacting similarly via activated double bonds (excluding here block or graft copolymerization) include maleic acid, A-methyl-maleimide, chloromaleic anhydride, fumaric acid, y-crotonolactone,/7-benzoquinone, and acrylonitrile. Other polymers with unsaturated backbones, such as polybutadiene, copolymers of butadiene with styrene and with acrylonitrile, and butyl rubber, react in similar ways, but the recorded reaction with poly(vinyl chloride) is largely mechanochemical in nature (discussed later). 

Maleic anhydride (C4H2O3 C3HeO)x PVM/MA copolymer C4H2O4 Fe Ferrous fumarate C4H3CIN2S2... 

Photoconductive Lithographic Printing Plate Assembly. NVK has been copolymerized with olefinic monomers possessing carboxylic acid, such as acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, fumaric acid, and, maleic anhydride, or carboxylic anhydride [7]. The acid functionality yields copolymers that are soluble in aqueous alkaline media. The copolymers are intended... 

Mixtures of PPE and PS, or styrene-butadiene-styrene block copolymers have been extruded with maleic anhydride of fumaric acid to obtain compatibi-lized blends [42], In the same way, PPE with pendant glycidyl groups can be co-extruded with a poly(olefin) having anhydride groups [28], PPE can be grafted onto poly(ethylene) by melt kneading both modified polymers in the presence of a binder such as phenylenedi-amine. Both polymers are modified with maleic anhydride. The grafting takes place in situ. Amines may enhance the improvement of certain physical properties when used in combination with various compati-bilizers [29]. 

On the other hand, the joint polymerization of a series of electron-accepting and electron-donating monomers leads to alternating copolymers, mostly as a mixture with the head-to-head cycloaddition products. Electron-accepting maleic anhydride, fumaric ester, sulfur dioxide, or carbon dioxide in combination with electron-donating butadiene, isobutylene, vinyl ether, and p-dioxene or vinyl acetate belong to this series. 

Influences due to steric hindrance are mostly swamped by those due to polarity and resonance stabilization. For example, 1,2-disubstituted ethylene monomers form random copolymers with comonomers of similar polarity, i.e., dimethyl fumarate/vinyl chloride. If the polarities differ greatly, even alternating copolymers can be formed because of the formation of CT complexes, as, for example, with maleic anhydride/styrene (see also Section 22.3). Even two 1,2-disubstituted monomers copolymerize with each other if the polarities differ very greatly, as happens with, for example, maleic anhydride and stilbene, since the polar interaction in the transition state helps to overcome the steric hindrance. Threefold substituted olefins produce an additional stabilization without steric hindrance in the transition state, and so can be easily copolymerized with comomoners of opposite polarity. 

PP poly(propylene), PS poly(styrene), MAH maleic anhydride, MA methacrylic acid, S styrene, PE poly(ethylene), PPE poly(phenylene ether), LDPE low-density PE, EPDM ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymer, SAN styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer, EPR ethylene-propylene copolymer, NMAC A -methacrylyl caprolactam, GMA glycidyl methacrylate, FA fumaric acid, AEFO anhydride and epoxide functionalized olefin copolymer, SEBS styrene/ethylene-butylene/styrene copolymer, HDPE high-density PE, AN acrylonitrile, and S-MAH-MMA styrene-maleic anhydride-methyl methacrylate copolymer. 

Polyethylene can be crosslinked with peroxides to make it more suitable for coatings for electrical power cables [18]. Peroxides are also used to crosslink (also called cure) thermoset polyesters. Thermoset polyesters have a reactive alkene and are used to make fiberglass compositions such as used for boat hulls. Variations are possible, but commonly they are copolymers of fumaric acid or maleic anhydride with phthalic acid or isophthalic acid and a diol. The oligomer is typically dissolved in styrene. When a peroxide is mixed with the solution, crosslinking occurs and the polyester cures. The styrene solvent takes part in the reaction and the solution hardens. 

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