Fuel portable

Always use a funnel and/or spout to prevent spilling or splashing when fueling portable and mobile equipment. 

Cheekatamarla PK, Finnerty CM, Robinson CR, Andrews SM, Brodie JA, Lu Y, Dewald PG (2009) Design, integration and demonstration of a 50 W JP8/ketosene fueled portable SOFC power generator. J Power Sotnrces 193 797-803... 

Because of the low operating temperature and ease of fabrication for low power units, PFFCs are the most likely fuel cell to be introduced in portable power packs. PFFCs in sizes of 300—500 W are being considered as a power source, eg, 4-h duration, 300 W, 1.2 kW, for the modem soldier operating in the enclosed environment of a self-contained protective suit, which has faciUties for air conditioning, radio communication, etc. Analytic Power Corp. (Boston) is assessing the use of PFFCs for this appHcation. 

Potential fusion appHcations other than electricity production have received some study. For example, radiation and high temperature heat from a fusion reactor could be used to produce hydrogen by the electrolysis or radiolysis of water, which could be employed in the synthesis of portable chemical fuels for transportation or industrial use. The transmutation of radioactive actinide wastes from fission reactors may also be feasible. This idea would utilize the neutrons from a fusion reactor to convert hazardous isotopes into more benign and easier-to-handle species. The practicaUty of these concepts requires further analysis. 

A steady-state rocket-type combustion spray unit has been developed, called high velocity oxy fuel (HVOF), that creates a steady state, continuous, supersonic spray stream (1.2—3 mm dia) resembling a rocket motor exhaust. The portable device injects and accelerates the particles inside a barrel (rocket nozzle). It produces coating quaHty and particle velocities equal to the D-gun at 5—10 times the spray rate with significantly reduced coating costs. 

Originally confined to the shipment of crude raw materials and fuels, the term transportation of bulk sohds now apphes also to manufactured produc ts, which often become raw materials for other industries. In recent years, increasing tonnages of highly processed, finished chemical products have moved to customers in large bulk units. A useful definition of a bulk shipment is any unit greater than 2000 kg (4000 lb) or 2 m (70 fF). The containers available range from small portable hoppers of 2-m (70-fF) capacity to railroad cars of 255-m (9000-fF) capacity. 

Consider foe combustion of propane, C3H8j foe fuel that is commonly used in portable gas barbeque grills. The products of combustion are carbon dioxide and liquid water. 

Because the metallic hydrides release their hydrogen (as H2 gas) when heated or treated with acid, they are being investigated for storing and transporting hydrogen. Both saline and metallic hydrides have the high enthalpy densities desirable in a portable fuel. 

The dynamic behavior of fuel cells is of importance to insure the stable operation of the fuel cells under various operating conditions. Among a few different fuel cell types, the direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) has been known to have advantages especially for portable... 

Interestingly, the PEMFC may also operate directly on methanol. Naturally, the problems associated with high coverage of various intermediates will be present, as mentioned above, as well as additional problems such as loss of methanol over the membrane. Nevertheless, it is possible to operate a methanol fuel cell with a voltage around 0.4 V and a reasonable current, to power small mobile devices such as portable computers and cell phones and make them independent of connection to the conventional power net. For more details on fuel cells we refer the reader to L. Carr-ette, K.A. Friedrich and U. Stimming, Fuel Cells 1(1) (2001) 5-39. 

The electrocatalytic oxidation of methanol has been widely investigated for exploitation in the so-called direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC). The most likely type of DMFC to be commercialized in the near future seems to be the polymer electrolyte membrane DMFC using proton exchange membrane, a special form of low-temperature fuel cell based on PEM technology. In this cell, methanol (a liquid fuel available at low cost, easily handled, stored, and transported) is dissolved in an acid electrolyte and burned directly by air to carbon dioxide. The prominence of the DMFCs with respect to safety, simple device fabrication, and low cost has rendered them promising candidates for applications ranging from portable power sources to secondary cells for prospective electric vehicles. Notwithstanding, DMFCs were... 

Table 4 and Fig. 18 illustrate the performance levels achieved by the active players in DMFC R D. The main goal in DMFC research in the U.S. and European programs is to achieve a stable performance level of 200 mW/cm at a cell potential of 0.5 to 0.6 V. It is because of the relatively low activity of the electrocatalyst for methanol electrooxidation that this power level is less than half that of a PEMFC with Hj as a fuel. A higher power level of the DMFC is essential for a transportation application, but the present power level goal is quite adequate for small portable power sources. 

The DMFC is the most attractive type of fuel cell as a powerplant for electric vehicles and as a portable power source, because methanol is a liquid fuel with values for the specific energy and energy density being about equal to half those for liquid hydrocarbon fuels (gasoline and diesel fuel). 

The second example describes distributed, mobile and portable power-generation systems for proton-exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells [106]. A main application is fuel processing units for fuel cell-powered automobiles it is hoped that such processing units may be achieved with a volume of less than 8 1. 

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