Direct burning

Biomass. The potential of biomass to contribute to Canada s energy needs was discussed in papers by C. R. Phillips, D. L. Granatstein and M. A. Wheatley (University of Toronto), R. Overend (Canada Department of Energy, Mines, and Resources), and M. Wayman,. Lora, and E. Gulbinas (University of Toronto). The most energy-eflBcient and least costly use of biomass is the direct burning of wood, followed by gasifica-... 

Liquid fuels have a high energy density, and the widest applicability of all fuel forms, but a low efficiency of conversion from biomass. It is therefore necessary to compare liquefaction with the more efficient processes of direct burning and gasification as alternative modes of use of the biomass. 

In the case of direct burning, it can be argued that heavy oil will be displaced for re-processing to produce transportation fuel, which constitutes the highest value use of a liquid fuel. 

Mode of Use Efficiency (direct burning 100) Cost ( /GJ) Applicability Comments Action Required... 

Direct burning 100 2 About 2% of total petroleum consumption. Displaces heavy oil for reprocessing. Substitute for heavy oil. 

Direct burning is clearly less costly than gasification, which, in turn, is much less costly than liquefaction (Table XI). (The U.S. Dept, of Energy (25) has recently estimated similar liquid fuel production costs.)... 

The potential of biomass to substitute for petroleum is examined in terms of resource availability and cost, conversion technology, and conversion and end-use costs. The most energy-efficient and least costly mode of utilization of wood is direct burning, followed by gasification, and, last, liquefaction. 

Interfuel substitution via direct burning of wood is presently economical in certain cases, and wood gasification may be attractive in site-specific applications. Wood liquefaction, however, is not at present attractive. 

The list of plants, by-products and waste materials that can potentially be used as feedstock is almost endless. Major resources in biomass include agricultural crops and their waste by-products, lignocellulosic products such as wood and wood waste, waste from food processing and aquatic plants and algae and effluents produced in the human habitat. Moderately dried wastes such as wood residue, wood scrap and urban garbage can be directly burned as fuel. Energy from water-containing biomass... 

The mixture of coal and methanol (or its water solution) can be directly burned in a boiler of the thermal power plant or preliminary separated. In this case after separation of coal and methanol the first can be used as a fuel and the second as a raw material for various purposes. 

Calorimeters can determine the heat content of their samples by (1) direct burning, (2) calculation from composition, and (3) special designs. Their operation can be continuous, cyclic, or portable. Their errors range from 0.5 to 2% full scale (FS). 

PANELIST PASSMAN In answer to the CO2 it depends on what you are comparing it with. I believe that in most of the processes we have been discussing the C0 in the atmosphere is far less than what it would be in a direct burning process. But it certainly isn t zero. 

Combustion is the direct burning of biomass in air to convert the biomass chemical energy into heat, mechanical power or electricity using equipment such as stoves,... 

Hydrogen chloride is produced industrially on a huge scale and is used as the anhydrous gas as well as a hydrochloric acid in aqueous solution. Several industrial routes to synthesize HCl are in use (1) direct burning of hydrogen in chlorine, which results in a very pure product (equation 85) (2) reaction of an inorganic metal halide with a less volatile protic acid, such as sulfuric acid, to form the more volatile hydrogen halide (equation 86) and (3) as a by-product of the chlorination of hydrocarbons (equation 87). 

Fluidized bed combustion is believed to be one of the most promising methods for direct burning of coal in an environmentally acceptable and economically competitive manner. Many mathematical models have been proposed to predict the performance of fluidized bed combustors (see, e.g., 7 ). A review of the models has been... 

At the present moment, almost of methanol has been produced from natural gas through steam reforming followed by synthesis from hydrogen and carbon monoxide. Methanol is a promising fuel in future, because it is easily handled as liquid fuel, compatible with the existing infrastructure of motor vehicles, and wide application for direct burning and fuels for fuel cells. Furthermore, it is widely used for bulk chemicals. 

The true reductive environment avoids ash creation, which ash may decrease the end product quality. There are some chemically bounded oxygen in the basic material and between the pressed feedstock as well, which will be directly burned off during the carbonisation process. In our experience the total ash content at the end product will remain at a range of approx. 3-6 %, depending also on the basic material natural inorganic composition characteristics as well. 

Gas-vapour phase either condensed, where bio-oil is utilized and non-condensable gases burned out, or directly burned for onsite energy recovery. 

Gasification with oxygen yields a moderate quantity (Table II) of a rich gas, which can be cooled, purified and used as a synthesis or a fuel gas. The use of oxygen increases the operating cost and creates an explosion hazard. Gasification with air yields a large quantity of lean gas, which is often directly burned. In that case the process can be considered as a two-step incineration. 

Incineration—this is a process of controlled combustion (contrast with direct burning) whereby any release of atmospheric pollutants (carbon, noxious gases, etc.) is kept to a minimum. The heat generated in the burning process can be used as an... 

And now briefly about modem Ukrainian fuel cell history Being based on many years positive experience in manufacture of real nano-sized zirconia powders with different stabilizers like yttria, calcia, scandia etc. and zirconia ceramics [8, 9] the first Ukrainian demonstrating model of zirconia fuel cell was made and exhibited by January 22, 2002 [10- 12]. It has realized 0.85 V and 0.5 V of electro motive forces with propane gas and ethanol respectively at their direct burning. 

In tubular fired reforming, process heat duty is supplied by burning a share of NG feedstock in burners placed at top, down, or sideways of a furnace. In autothermal reformers, a part of NG feedstock is directly burned in the first section of the reactor by adding an oxygen or enriched air stream and heat duty is supplied without any external source. 

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