Portable computers

Making use of the information from monitoring probes, combined with the storage and analysis capabilities of portable computers and microprocessors, seems the best method for understanding corrosion processes. Commercial setups can be assembled from standard probes, cables, readout devices, and storage systems. When these are coupled with analysis by corrosion engineers, the system can lead to better a understanding of in-plant corrosion processes. 

Diamond, G. L. et al., 1988, A Portable Computing System for Use in Toxic Gas Emergencies, Ontario Ministry of the Environment, ARB-150-87, ISBN 0-7729-3448-7, revised. 

Individuals involved in accidents where error was a possible factor can have access to a computer which will allow them to provide information on a confidential basis. Although portable computers have not yet made a significant impact on incident data collection, there is clearly considerable potential in this area. 

A technology agreement was made by Duracell/Toshiba/Varta in 1992, strategically aimed at the portable computer field. In 1994 a joint venture, "The 3 C Alliance" was formed. Standardization of the inventory was the main point. The benefits were seen to be easier replacement and lower cost per unit ( 170 for 6 h ). One of the first commercial partners was Compaq Computer Co. 

EAR Energy Resources, which develops Zn-air batteries for portable computers, claims about 250 Wh for a computer unit. The price (in 1994) was 600, including the charger. For the first discharge, ten operating hours are claimed. However, it must be realized that the subsequent cycle behavior is not well established. Sony s Li... 

Lower current-rate portable computers and other portable digital equipment... 

Secondary cells are galvanic cells that must be charged before they can be used this type of cell is normally rechargeable. The batteries used in portable computers and automobiles are secondary cells. In the charging process, an external source of electricity reverses the spontaneous cell reaction and creates a nonequilibrium mixture of reactants. After charging, the cell can again produce electricity. 

Interestingly, the PEMFC may also operate directly on methanol. Naturally, the problems associated with high coverage of various intermediates will be present, as mentioned above, as well as additional problems such as loss of methanol over the membrane. Nevertheless, it is possible to operate a methanol fuel cell with a voltage around 0.4 V and a reasonable current, to power small mobile devices such as portable computers and cell phones and make them independent of connection to the conventional power net. For more details on fuel cells we refer the reader to L. Carr-ette, K.A. Friedrich and U. Stimming, Fuel Cells 1(1) (2001) 5-39. 

The NIPALS algorithm is easy to program, particularly with a matrix-oriented computer notation, and is highly efficient when only a few latent vectors are required, such as for the construction of a two-dimensional biplot. It is also suitable for implementation in personal or portable computers with limited hardware resources. 

Fig. 4.7.7 A portable NMR system for measuring freeze damage in Navel oranges. The Halbach magnet is shown above the completed system with two Navel oranges for comparison. The complete system has the battery powered spectrometer electronics housed in a metal box and the system is run by a portable computer.

We also use small rechargeable batteries to power cell phones and portable computers. They are reasonably light and have the capacity to go for some hours before requiring recharging, but improvements are still needed. As chemists and chemical engineers develop better battery technology we can expect to be freed... 

Wireless data communications devices are used to enable transmission of data between computer systems and/or between a SCADA server and its sensing devices, without individual components being physically linked together via wires or cables. In industrial chemical processing systems, these devices are often used to link remote monitoring stations (i.e., SCADA components) or portable computers (i.e., laptops) to computer networks without using physical wiring connections. 

The rechargeable battery (NiCd, NiMH, and lithium-ion) market for 2003 for portable electronics was around 5.24 billion, around 20% more then 2002. The lithium-ion battery market was around 3.8 billion ( 73%). They are now used in more than 90% of cellphones, camcorders, and portable computers, worldwide, and have also been adopted in power tools recently. 

A hospital trolley developed by Bayer and GMP is described. The trolley is equipped with a portable computer for the collection and management of patient information with the aim of reducing medical errors. The main component is a sandwich stracture reaction injection monlded in Bayer s Baydnr 60 PU and consisting of a cellnlar core and a smooth skin. Other components are made of PP, PMMA or polycarbonate. Developments by GMP in the nse of PU foams in refrigerator manufacture are also reviewed, and tnmover fignres are presented for the Company. 

Some very well-known applications of electrochemistry in our daily life include car batteries, mobile phones, portable computers, mp3 players, radios, and digital cameras. 

In the charging process, Co(III) in LiCo02 is oxidized to Co(IV). This battery has a working voltage of 3.7 V and a cycle number of >1000. The lithium-ion secondary batteries are now widely used as power source s for portable computers, telephones, CD players, camcorders, etc. Moreover, large-scale lithium-ion batteries are under development for electric vehicles (EV) and for the storage of electricity. 

Various geometries of LPBs, including a flat thin design for smart credit cards, prismatic packaging for portable computers, C-size cylindrical cells for consumer electronic devices and high capacity cylindrical, spiral... 

Ultralife Batteries Inc. has recently announced the development of their Rechargeable Solid State System based on this technology. A schematic drawing of the cell is shown in Fig. 7.41. Single cells and battery packs are now in production. Energy densities in the ranges 100-125 Wh/kg and 200-300 Wh/dm3, as well as cyclability up to 1200 deep cycles, have been reported. Excellent characteristics are claimed. Cellular telephones, portable computers and camcorders appear to be the most suitable outlets for these PLI batteries. 

Much has happened in the world of batteries since the preface to the first edition was written almost 15 years ago. Some of the developments were predicted at that time, some were not. Perhaps the most important factor, which has led both to a renaissance in new developments and to a significant growth in demand, has been the phenomenal expansion in microelectronics-based, high value consumer products which need secondary cells with excellent energy density, good charge retention and other demanding electrical characteristics. The three Cs - cellular telephones, portable computers and camcorders - typify such applications. 

Fig. 50.1. Photograph of the Immuspeed instrument coupled to a portable computer comprising the Immusoft programme serving to load the test protocol, to run the assays, and to process the results. The figure also shows an artist view of the 8-channel Immuchip cartridge used in the current work and a schematic drawing of a micro-channel cross section with inlet, outlet, working electrodes, and electrical connection tracks the arrow shows the position of the cartridge insertion into the reception compartment of Immuspeed which comprises a temperature controller below the chip.

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