Methanol fuel cells with

Interestingly, the PEMFC may also operate directly on methanol. Naturally, the problems associated with high coverage of various intermediates will be present, as mentioned above, as well as additional problems such as loss of methanol over the membrane. Nevertheless, it is possible to operate a methanol fuel cell with a voltage around 0.4 V and a reasonable current, to power small mobile devices such as portable computers and cell phones and make them independent of connection to the conventional power net. For more details on fuel cells we refer the reader to L. Carr-ette, K.A. Friedrich and U. Stimming, Fuel Cells 1(1) (2001) 5-39. 

Scott, K., Taama, W. M. and Argyropoulos, R 2000. Performance of the direct methanol fuel cell with radiation-grafted polymer membranes. Journal of Membrane Science 171 119-130. 

Hatanaka, T., Hasegawa, N., Kamiya, A., Kawasumi, M., Morimoto, Y. and Kawahara, K. 2002. Cell performances of direct methanol fuel cells with grafted membranes. Fuel 81 2173-2176. 

K. Scott, P. Argyropoulos, P. Yiarmopoulos, and W. M. Taama. Electrochemical and gas evolution characteristics of direct methanol fuel cells with stainless steel mesh flow beds. Journal of Applied Electrochemistry 31 (2001) 823-832. 

A. Bauer, E. L. Gyenge, and C. W. Oloman. Direct methanol fuel cell with extended reaction zone anode PtRu and PtRuMo supported on graphite felt. Journal of Power Sources 167 (2007) 281-287. 

Shukla, A.K., Jackson, C.L., Scott, K., Murgia, G. 2002. A solid-polymer electrolyte direct methanol fuel cell with a mixed reactant and air anode. J Power Sources 111 43-51. 

Figure 3.53. IV-curve and power density for direct methanol fuel cell with electrodes of carbon black coated on a carbon paper substrate, with Pt-Ru (ratio 1 1) on the negative electrode side and Pt alone on the positive electrode side, both with Nafion intrusions and hot-pressed on a Nafion-112 membrane. The 2-mol methanol solution was fed at a rate of 21 ml min and at the other side non-humidified air at a rate of 700 ml/min. The temperature was 85°C. (From G. Lu and C. Wang (2004). Electrochemical and flow characterization of a direct methanol fuel cell. /. Power Sources, in press. Used with permission from Elsevier.)...

If the PEM fuel cell is preceded by a reformer, there will be additional impacts, depending on the fuel and equipment used. The same is true for direct methanol fuel cells, with a dependence on the way methanol is produced, based on natural gas or bioenergy. 

Fig. 16 Water drag coefficient as function of temperature in a direct methanol fuel cell with aqueous, liquid anode feed [33].

Hudak, N.S., and Barton, S.C. (2005) Direct methanol fuel cells with mediated biocatalytic cathodes. Abstracts of Papers of the American Chemical Society, 230, 139. 

Fig. 1.72 Performance of PSSA-PVDF membrane (MEA- 2) in a direct methanol fuel cell with 1.0 M CH3OH at 83 C.

Fig. 1.78 IR corrected performance of a 1 x 1 size direct methanol fuel cell with a PSSA-PVDF membrane (USC-MEA 7) at 90 C and 20 psig Og. 

Fig. 1.89 Comparison of fuel efficiency of direct methanol fuel cells with PSSA-PVDF and Nation -117 electrolyte membranes in a 1 x 1 -size direct methanol fuel cell.

P. Piela, C. Eickes, E. Brosha, F. Garzon, and P. Zelenay, Ruthenium Crossover in Direct Methanol Fuel Cell with Pt-Ru Black Anode, J. Electrochem. Soc., 151, A2053 (2004). 

In parallel with the large amount of work done to study the mechanism and operating features of methanol fuel cells with proton-conducting membranes, operating models of such fuel cells started to appear in the mid-1990s, first as laboratory-type small single-element fuel cells, then. Anally, in the form of multicell stacks of relatively large power. 

At the University of Hong Kong, China, a direct methanol fuel cell with passive supply of the methanol solution was built. The solution was supplied to the fuel cell by natural convection from a vessel, situated above the fuel cell. Carbon dioxide evolved... 

METHANOL FUEL CELL WITH AN INVARIANT ALKALINE ELECTROLYTE... 

Park YJ, Lee JH, Kang S, Sauk JH, Song I (2008) Mass balance research for high electrochemical performance direct methanol fuel cells with reduced methanol crossover at various operating conditions. J Power Sources 178 181-187... 

Zhao TS, Chen R, Yang WW, Xu C (2009) Small direct methanol fuel cells with passive supply of reactants. J Power Sources 191 185-202... 

Witham CK, Oran W, Valdez n, Narayanan SR (2000) Performance of direct methanol fuel cells with sputter-deposited anode catalyst layers. Electrochem Solid State Lett 3 497—500... 

Piela P, Eickes C, Brosha E, Garzon F, Zelenay P (2004) Ruthenium crossover in direct methanol fuel cell with Pt-Ru black anode. J Electrochem Soc 15LA2053-A2059... 

Kim JH, Kim HK, Hwang KT, Lee JY (2010) Performance of air-breathing direct methanol fuel cell with anion-exchange membrane. Int J Hydrogen Energ 35 768-773... 

Higa M, Hatemura K, Sugita M, Maesowa S, Nishimura M, Endo N (2012) Performance of passive direct methanol fuel cell with poly(vinyl alcohol)-based polymer electrolyte membranes. Int J Hydrogen Energ 37 6292-6301... 

Joo SH, Pak C, Kim EA, Lee YH, Chang H, Seung D, Choi YS, Park JB, Kim TK (2008) Functionalized carbon nanotube-poly(arylene sulfone) composite membranes for direct methanol fuel cells with enhanced performance. J Power Sources 180 63-70... 

Lam A, Wetton B, Wilkinson DP (2011) One-dimensional model for a direct methanol fuel cell with a 3D anode stmcture. J Electrochem Soc 158 B29-B35... 

The second aim is the miniaturization of devices, oti which has focused the work of many research groups and companies. Thus, in 2004 Toshiba Inc. presented a direct methanol fuel cell with a size of 22 x 56 x 4.5 nun with a small tank of methanol (2 cm in volume and 8.5 g weight) incorporated, with an output power of 100 mW, which, according to the company is sufficient to maintain a mp3 device operating over 20 h [39]. 

Zhao TS, Yang WW, Chen R, Wu QX (2010) Towards operating direct methanol fuel cells with highly concentrated fuel. J Power Sources 195 3451-3462... 

Meng H, Shen PK, Wei Z, Jiang SP (2006) Improved perfinmance of direct methanol fuel cells with tungsten carbide promoted Pl/C composite cathode electroeatalyst. Electroehtan Solid-State Lett 9 A368-A372... 

Jayashree RS, Egas D, Spendelow JS, Natarajan D, Markoski LJ, Kenis PJA (2006) Air-breathing laminar flow-based direct methanol fuel cell with alkaline electrolyte. Electrochem Solid State Lett 9(5) A252-A256... 

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