Fuel handling

Nuclear Radiation Effects. Components of a nuclear reactor system that require lubrication include control-rod drives, coolant circulating pumps or compressors, motor-operated valves, and fuel handling devices, and, of course, are exposed to varying amounts of ionising (14). 

Liquid fuels require atomization and treatment to inhibit sodium and vanadium content. Liquid fuels can drastically reduce the life of a unit if not properly treated. A typical fuel system is shown in Figure 4-7. The effect of fuels on gas turbines and the details of types of fuel handling systems is given in Chapter 12. 

The gas turbine is a complex system. A typical control system with hierarchic levels of automation is shown in Figure 19-3. The control system at the plant level consists of a D-CS system, which in many new installations is connected to a condition monitoring system and an optimization system. The D-CS system is what is considered to be a plant level system and is connected to the three machine level systems. It can, in some cases, also be connected to functional level systems such as lubrication systems and fuel handling systems. In those cases, it would give a signal of readiness from those systems to the machine level systems. The condition monitoring system... 

Automobile and marine fuel handling is covered in NFPA 30A. This section addresses specific operations in which static electricity has caused fires and injury. Relevance to the CPI includes employee safety programs and company-owned gasoline fueling depots. 

The liquid fuel handling components of the fuel system include the fuel filler pipe, fuel tank, fuel pirmp, and the fuel supply and return lines. The fuel tank is a low pressure, low hydrocarbon emission vessel designed to contain both the liquid and vapor phases of the fuel. An electric pump located inside the fuel tank is used to transfer liquid fuel from the tank to the engine. The fuel in the tank is suctioned from a small reservoir in the tank which minimizes liquid level transients caused by vehicle motion. 

The majority of today s turbines arc fueled wth natural gas or No. 2 distillate oil. Recently there has been increased interest in the burning of nonstandard liquid fuel oils or applications where fuel treatment is desirable. Gas turbines have been engineered to accommodate a wide spectrum of fuels. Over the years, units have been equipped to burn liquid fuels, including naphtha various grades of distillate, crude oils, and residual oils and blended, coal-derived liquids. Many of these nonstandard fuels require special provisions. For example, light fuels like naphtha require modifications Co the fuel handling system to address high volatility and poor lubricity properties. 

Water heatment Feed pumps Fuel handling/metering Conhol room Switch house Offices... 

NOTE Where the primary problem is to improve combustion efficiency, the product typically is added to the fuel handling system via an automatic feeder and used continuously at a rate of 0.5 and 1.5 lb per ton of fuel. 

Material compatibility delivery Fuel quality Onboard fuel handling... 

It is also toxic and a few teaspoons of methanol consumed orally can cause blindness. A few tablespoons can be fatal, if not treated. Methanol is also very corrosive, so it requires a special fuel-handling system. 

There are existing standards covering electrical, fuel handling, and pressure issues applicable to fuel cells. But, there are almost no standards in place that address fuel cells specifically. 

Direct-methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) have attracted considerable attention for certain mobile and portable applications, because of their high specific energy density, low poison emissions, easy fuel handling, and miniaturization [129,130], However, the methanol permeation through electrolyte membranes (usually called methanol cross-over) in DMFCs still is one of the critical problems hindering the commercialization [131,132], Nafion , a... 

Components for fuel handling, fuel or gas barrier structures. .. 

Pneumatic and hydraulic hoses petrochemical, fuel handling and hydraulic applications gears, collars, valve casings, rings, clips. .. 

Water H Lifetime, H Fueling Handling H Aging H Options... 

Harada and Mori, 1988 Yamamoto, Kaneko and Takahashi, 1988). The system consisted of a SOFC generator module containing 144 cells, electrical air preheaters for generator temperature control and an air and fuel handling system. The system operated continuously and successfully for over six months. Now, 25 kW scale SOFC systems from Westinghouse are being tested. 

Water and sediment usually result from poor fuel handling and storage practices. Water and sediment can enter from atmospheric air, through fuel transportation systems, and from blending operations. Corrosion, filter blocking, injection system wear, and deposit formation can result. A listing of some classes of compounds which can be found in middle distillate fuel is provided in TABLE 3-15. 

Elements of the environment continually impact fuel performance. The effect of water, cold temperatures, heat, air, light, and external contamination can initiate a variety of problems. The first place to begin looking for the cause of a fuel handling or performance problem would be these environmental sources. 

At low temperatures, usually less than 20°F (-6.7°C), waxy paraffins may begin to crystallize in highly paraffinic diesel fuel. These paraffin wax crystals can cause a variety of fuel handling and performance problems. Examples include ... 

Fuel is cooled to the test temperature through a predetermined temperature sequence and is then caused to flow through a length of copper tubing and filter screen similar to that found in full-scale fuel handling equipment. The rate at which the fuel flows and the volume... 

Described below are specific problems related to fuel handling, performance, and use. These problems are taken from actual field applications. Some of the problems described have more than one potential cause. By reviewing all potential causes given for each problem, it may then be possible to develop a reasonable cause-and-effect scenario using known information. If more information is needed, the steps suggested in the What to Do section can be taken. 

The high content of water and emulsifier in this fuel creates some differences in handling and application compared to conventional diesel fuel. The surfactant quality of the emulsification additive in the fuel can remove existing deposits from the internal surfaces of fuel handling and storage systems. Problems with fuel discoloration and fuel filter plugging may follow. Compared with conventional diesel, fuel economy ratings per tank of fuel will drop because the overall carbon content per unit volume of fuel is lower. This is due to carbon displacement by water. 

Winkler, Matthew F. 1985. Shipboard fuel handling and treatment for diesel engines. In Marine Fuels, ed. Cletus H. Jones, pp. 154-173, Philadelphia American Society for Testing and Materials. 

Fuel Handling Area 11. Reactor Coolant Pumps (4) 21. High Pressure Feedwater Heaters... 

This work was supported by EPRI through the Advanced Power Systems Division. Mr. Henry Schreiber was the Project Manager. Field sampling was conducted by Battelle Columbus personnel Paul Webb, Harry Leonard and William Baytos. Cooper Energy Services and Easton Utilities provided technical assistance and operated the fuel handling and engine systems during the tests. 

Compare and contrast the combustion characteristics of the two baseline fuels and the six synthetic fuels in terms of combustion efficiency, regulated emissions and fuel handling. 

Fuel-handling systems (diaphragms for fuel pumps, see Figure 5.5, fuel hose or fuel hose liner, inject or nozzle seals, needle valves, filter casing gaskets, fuel shutoff valves, carburetor parts)... 

Table II depicts the major compositional differences between the CSD, PFD, and ASD SRC are in the soluble fractions. The CSD SRC has significantly less benzene insolubles (i.e., pre-asphaltenes) than do the other two SRC. This compositional difference may be responsible for the CSD SRC greater volatility as discussed later in this report. Both the CSD and ASD SRC have melting temperatures ca. 1006F lower than the PFD SRC, which could significantly affect the design of fuel handling and injection systems.

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