Fruit crop grouping

In order to select the fresh fruits and vegetables for the OPMBS, each task force member company provided a list of commodities that the company considered to be the most important for its organophosphate products. A matrix was developed based upon a crop group strategy and the importance of commodities in the diet of infants and children. Thirteen fresh fruits and vegetables were eventually selected for inclusion in this study. 

Pruning of pome fruit crops will lead to DFR levels comparable to those for stone fruit crops therefore, a common database for both crop groups (for tree fruits) should be compiled. Further generic sets may be developed for fruit vegetables, grapes, and ornamentals. 

The carotenoids are the most widespread group of pigments in nature, with an estimated yield of 100 million tonnes per annum. They are present in all photosynthetic organisms and responsible for most of the yellow to red colours of fruits and flowers. The characteristic colours of many birds, insects and marine invertebrates are also due to the presence of carotenoids, which have originated in the diet. Animals are unable to synthesise carotenoids de novo, and so rely upon the diet as the source of these compounds. Carotenoids found in the human diet are primarily derived from crop plants, where the carotenoids are located in roots, leaves, shoots, seeds, fruit and flowers. To a lesser extent, carotenoids are also ingested from eggs, poultry and fish. Commercially, carotenoids are used as food colourants and in nutritional supplements (Table 13.1). Over recent years there has been considerable... 

To produce fruit, pears need to be pollinated by another compatible cultivar—that is, you need to grow two different pears—and their compatibility groupings are quite complex, so seek advice when you buy. A specialty fruit nursery or mail order company can advise you on appropriate combinations of cultivars. Pears are slower to start cropping than apples. It is well worth buying a tree grown for three years In the nursery to shorten the time before you harvest your first crop. 

Banana (Musa sapientum L.) is one of the most common tropical fruits, and one of Central America s most important crops. It is grown in all tropical regions and is one of the oldest known fruits [45]. From a consumer perspective, bananas are nutritious with a pleasant flavour and are widely consumed throughout the world [57]. Esters predominate in the volatile fraction of banana (Fig. 8.2). Acetates are present in high concentrations in the fruit and generally possess a low threshold. Isopentyl acetate and isobutyl acetate are known as the two most important impact compounds of banana aroma. Alcohols are the second most important group of volatiles in banana extracts. 3-Methyl-1-butanol, 2-pentanol, 2-methyl-1-propanol, hexanol, and linalool are the alcohols present in higher concentrations in the fresh fruit [45]. 

Endosulfan [115-29-7] (36) is the adduct of hexachlorocyclopentadiene and l,4-dihydroxy-2-butene which reacts subsequently with SOCl to produce 6>7>8>9>10>10-hexachloro-l,5,5, 6,9,9 -hexahydro-6>9-methano-2,4,3-benzodioxathiepin-3-oxide. The technical product is a brownish solid (mp 70— 100°C, vp 1.3 mPa at 30°C) which consists of about four parts of a-isomer (mp 108°C, cis with regard to the sulfite group) and one part of the p-isomer (mp 206°C, trans with regard to the sulfite group). The a-isomer, which is somewhat more insecticidal, is slowly converted to the more stable p-isomer at high temperature, and both isomers are oxidized slowly to endosulfan sulfate [1031-07-8] (mp 181°C). In acid media, both isomers form endosulfan diol [2157-19-9] (mp 203°C). The rat LDc-s are 43, 18 (oral) and 130, 74 (dermal) mg/kg. Endosulfan is a broad-spectrum insecticide for vegetables, fruits, and row crops. Unlike the other cyclodiene insecticides, it is biodegradable by hydrolysis at the sulfite ester bonds. 

Another example of a trifluoromethyl heteroaryl-containing herbicide is di-thiopyr (Dimension ) [72], Structure-activity studies have demonstrated that a fluorinated alkyl group is required for optimum activity at the 2 and/or 6 positions of the pyridine ring [73], Thiazopyr (Mandate , Visor ), a herbicide related to dithiopyr, was introduced by Monsanto in 1992 and later sold to Rohm and Haas. It is used for the pre-emergence control of annual grass and a few broadleaf weeds in tree fruit, vines, sugar cane, and other crops. 

Uses Pure azinphos-methyl is a white crystalline solid technical azinphos-methyl is a brown waxy solid. Based on toxicity, the USEPA has grouped it under RUP. Azinphos-methyl is a highly persistent, broad-spectrum insecticide. It is used for the control of mites and ticks, and it is poisonous to snails and slugs. It also is used in the control of many insect pests on a wide variety of fruit, vegetable, nut, and held crops, as well as on ornamentals, tobacco, and forest and shade trees. Outside the United States, azinphos-methyl is used in lowland rice production. Azinphos-methyl is available in emulsihable liquid, liquid flowable, ultra-low volume (ULV) liquid, and wettable powder formulations.28,29... 

Uses Trichlorfon is a pale, clear, white, or yellow crystalline solid with an ethyl ether odor. It is a solid at room temperature. Trichlorfon is grouped by the USEPA under GUP. Trichlorfon is used for the control of a variety of insect pests, (e.g., cockroaches, crickets, silverfish, bedbugs, fleas, cattle grubs, flies, ticks, leafminers, leafhoppers). It has extensive use in agriculture, applied to vegetable, fruit, and field crops. 

Uses Napropamide is a slightly toxic amide herbicide. It is grouped by the USEPA under GUP.13 Napropamide is a selective systemic amide herbicide used to control a number of annual grasses and broadleaf weeds. It also is applied to soil growing vegetables, fruit trees and bushes, vines, strawberries, sunflowers, tobacco, olives, and other crops. The formulations include emulsifiable concentrate, wettable powder, granules, and suspension concentrates.12... 

In the first case, the layer of solution is so thin that diffusion within it is probably unimportant. In the case of the mesophytes, to which group nearly all crops belong, surface oils and waxes rarely amount to as much as 100 /Ltgrams/sq. cm. of leaf surface (i.e., mean thickness less than 0.5/x on each side) (3,13). Internal oils, much less accessible, may be present in about the same amount (9). Some fruits may have more superficial oils or soft waxes—e.g., on apple skin there is about 400 /xgrams/sq. cm. (3). The polymeric cutin itself, highly lipophilic but not too swollen by... 

The first member of this group, chloranil, was first used as a fungicide in 1938. It was found to be useful as a seed protectant and foliage fungicide for downey mildew. The more popular, related derivative known as dichlone was used on a number of fruit and vegetable crops and for the control of blue-green alge in ponds. 

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