The Tradition Continued

The materials mentioned here complete the chain of ceramic materials produced since the dawn of humanity. They are mass-produced which is enabled by use of, little processed natural raw materials, having appropriate immanent properties. One can distinguish materials based on the traditions of using clay, lime and silica as well as of refractory rocks ( Fig. 1.1). 

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A striking feature of the cellular automata (CA) models is that they treat not only the ingredients, or agents, of the model as discrete entities, as do the traditional models of physics and chemistry, but now time (iterations) and space (the cells) are also regarded as discrete, in stark contrast to the continuous forms for these parameters assumed in the traditional, equation-based models. In practice, as we shall see, this distinction makes little or no difference, for the traditional continuous results appear, quite naturally, as limiting cases of the discrete CA analyses. Nonetheless, this quantization of time and space does raise some interesting theoretical and philosophical questions, which we shall, however, ignore at this time. ... 

The selection of reactor type in the traditionally continuous bulk chemicals industry has always been dominated by considering the number and type of phases present, the relative importance of transport processes (both heat and mass transfer) and reaction kinetics plus the reaction network relating to required and undesired reactions and any aspects of catalyst deactivation. The opportunity for economic... 

In pulsed ESR samples are exposed to a series of short intense microwave pulses, e.g. the 2-pulse sequence shown in Fig. 1.14 in place of the continuous radiation with microwaves at low power in the traditional continuous wave spectrometer. 

A tradition of this series of Conference, started in 1934 at the University of Illinois, includes collection and publication of the papers presented in the Conference. The tradition continues The papers presented at the 73rd Glass Problems Conference (GPC) have been collected and published as the 2012 edition of the collected papers. 

Several types of continuous ceramic fibres are used here. Fibres made of -type glass s ( 2. Tradition continued. The silica tradition) in composites used for constmction of boats, carbon fibres (Fig. 3.12) in composites used for aviation and sports equipment. Materials other than the continuous fibres can also be applied. Namely, particles where at least one dimension is <100 nm, like clay minerals ( 2. The tradition continued. The clay tradition), carbon nanombes and graphenes (—> 5. Unusual ceramic dielectrics and conductors). Due to a high ratio of length to thickness such fillers are in contact with the polymer matrix over a large area. Therefore, their effect on strength and fracture toughness—can be observed even with a low-volume fractions of fillers (firom 0.5 to 15 %wt). Due to the dimensions of these fillers, these composites are often referred to as nanocomposites. 

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