For lubricant

Additives for lubrication under extreme conditions fatty esters, fatty acids, etc. 

In Europe, the CEC (Coordinating European Council for the development of performance tests for lubricants and engine fuels) federalizes the GEC and its counterparts in other European countries. 

This chapter is divided in two parts additives for motor fuels and additives for lubricants. Concerning additives for gasoline, one will find here in Chapter 9 some useful complements to Chapter 5, especially regarding the synthesis of additives and their modes of action. 

The third family (c. in Figure 9.1) less widespread, derived from the alkylphenols, offers as with the succinimides several possibilities of modification to the ratio of hydrophilic and lipophilic groups. Mannich s reaction of the alkyl-phenols also provides additives for lubricating oils. 

The introduction of monomers containing polar groups such as tertiary amines, imidazoles, pyrrolidones, pyridines, etc., gives the polymer dispersant properties that will be discussed in the article on dispersant additives for lubricants. 

Examples of pour point depressants for lubricating oils. 

In the particular framework for lubricating oil bases, the operation takes place batchwise, generally using distillates selected according to the desired base, so as to minimize by-products and to maximize lubricating oils and their qualities. 

Figures 10.12 and 10.13 show, respectively, a flow diagram for lubricant oil production by hydrorefining and an integrated lubricating oil production unit using both extraction and hydrorefining.

CEC Coordinating European Council for the Development of Performance Tests for Lubricating Oils and Motor Fuels i... 

The computer also can leam from a defect-free test piece by rutming such a piece in a readmode. For example, if a drilled hole for lubrication purposes is present at the same location on all parts, the computer will recognise this signal and accept it on all test pieces. The computer will actually be comparing the test piece under scrutiny with standard non-defect master. In addition a reference test piece should be used to check that the specified reference defects really will be detected. This is needed to adjust the settings and sensitivity of the system. 

Lubricants, Fuels, and Petroleum. The adipate and azelate diesters of through alcohols, as weU as those of tridecyl alcohol, are used as synthetic lubricants, hydrauHc fluids, and brake fluids. Phosphate esters are utilized as industrial and aviation functional fluids and to a smaH extent as additives in other lubricants. A number of alcohols, particularly the Cg materials, are employed to produce zinc dialkyldithiophosphates as lubricant antiwear additives. A smaH amount is used to make viscosity index improvers for lubricating oils. 2-Ethylhexyl nitrate [24247-96-7] serves as a cetane improver for diesel fuels and hexanol is used as an additive to fuel oil or other fuels (57). Various enhanced oil recovery processes utilize formulations containing hexanol or heptanol to displace oil from underground reservoirs (58) the alcohols and derivatives are also used as defoamers in oil production. 

Long-chain esters of pentaerythritol have been used as pour-point depressants for lubricant products, ranging from fuel oils or diesel fuels to the high performance lubricating oils requited for demanding outiets such as aviation, power turbines, and automobiles. These materials requite superior temperature, viscosity, and aging resistance, and must be compatible with the wide variety of metallic surfaces commonly used in the outiets (79—81). 

Polymer-type antioxidants have been prepared by Eriedel-Crafts reaction of -cresol andp- and/or y -chloromethylstyrene in the presence of boron trifluoride-etherate (198). The oligomeric product resulting from the alkylation of phenyl-a-naphthylamine using C12—15 propylene oligomer in the presence of AlCl or activated white clays is used as an antioxidant additive for lubricating oils (199). 

Human and environmental welfare for lubricants and their use is addressed in Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS). These MSDS address toxicology and health concerns based on the components in the lubricant as well as indicating the proper response in case of a spik. Environmental ha2ards of the lubricant are covered on European and Japanese MSDS as shown in Table 5. 

With the beginning of the industrial revolution around 1800, oil became increasingly important for lubrication and better illumination. Expensive vegetable oils were replaced by sperm whale oil [8002-24-2], which soon became scarce and its price skyrocketed. In 1850 lubrication oil was extracted from coal and oil shale (qv) in England, and ultimately about 130 plants in Great Britain and 64 plants in Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and Kentucky employed this process. 

Petroleum (qv) products dominate lubricant production with a 98% share of the market for lubricating oils and greases. While lower cost leads to first consideration of these petroleum lubricants, production of various synthetic lubricants covered later has been expanding to take advantage of special properties such as stability at extreme temperatures, chemical inertness, fire resistance, low toxicity, and environmental compatibility. 

Polyphenyl Ethers. These very stable organic stmctures have been synthesized in a search for lubricants to meet the needs of future jet engines, nuclear power plants, high temperature hydrauHc components, and high temperature greases (49). A typical formula is C H (—OC H ... 

Although synthetic lubrication oil production amounts to only about 2% of the total market, volume has been increasing rapidly (67). Growth rates of the order of 20% per year for poly( a-olefin)s, 10% for polybutenes, and 8% for esters (28) reflect increasing automotive use and these increases would accelerate if synthetics were adopted for factory fill of engines by automotive manufacturers. The estimated production of poly( a-olefin)s for lubricants appears to be approximately 100,000 m /yr, esters 75,000, poly(alkylene glycol)s 42,000, polybutenes 38,000, phosphates 20,000, and dialkyl benzene 18,000 (28,67). The higher costs reflected in Table 18 (18,28) have restricted the volume of siUcones, chlorotrifluoroethylene, perfluoroalkylpolyethers, and polyphenyl ethers. 

In the other market areas, lead naphthenates are used on a limited basis in extreme pressure additives for lubricating oils and greases. Sodium and potassium naphthenates are used in emulsiftable oils, where they have the advantage over fatty acid soaps of having improved disinfectant properties. Catalyst uses include cobalt naphthenate as a cross-linking catalyst in adhesives (52) and manganese naphthenate as an oxidation catalyst (35). Metal naphthenates are also being used in the hydroconversion of heavy petroleum fractions (53,54) and bitumens (55). 

Cylinder oil is a viscous oil used for lubricating the cylinders and valves of steam engines (see Lubrication and lubricants). It is prepared from cylinder stock. The product from cylinder stock, when filtered and processed, is bright stock. 

Films deposited from compounded nitrile latices can be vulcanized with sulfur and accelerators, assisted by relatively high levels (ca 4.0—5.0 parts /100 DRC) of ziac oxide. For other uses, nitrile latices are sometimes used ia unvulcanized form. An appHcation of medium soHds nitrile latex, eg, Nitrex J-6849 and Polysar 845, has been ia preparation of oil-resistant foams for lubricants ia heavy-duty beariags, such as railroad-car journal boxes. 

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