Lubrication performance factors, for

Lubrication Performance Factors for Chemical Process Plant Machinery... 

Comite des Constructeurs d Automobiles du Marche Commun represents joint industry opinion on factors such as lubricant specifications, emissions, vehicle design and safety standards. With regard to crankcase lubricants, CCMC defines sequences of engine tests, and the tests themselves are defined by CEC (Coordinating European Committee for the Development of Performance Tests for Lubricants and Engine Euels a joint body of the oil and motor industries). 

Two factors militate against the universal use of water-based fluids. Very severe machining operations call for a lubrication performance that is beyond the capacity of such fluids, and the design of some machine tools means that water cannot be used because of the risk of cross-contamination with machine lubricants. In these instances, neat cutting oil is the only fluid that can provide the required performance. 

Typical emission factors for metals cannot be derived from baseline characterization of auto exhaust by dynamometer tests, as performed by EPA, since attempts are made to keep variability of additives, oils, and lubricants to a minimum. Emphasis is placed rather on the eflFect of emissions as a function of variations in operating conditions. The data cited in Table X reflect this because test cycles identified as FTP, HWFET, and CFS differ significantly in the average speed (19.9, 49.9, and 35.0 mph, respectively) and in the extent of variability in operating mode (acceleration, deceleration, and cruise). 

In summary, antioxidants with improved performance will be a major design factor for future lubricants, operating under more demanding yet environmentally acceptable conditions. 

Selection and care of the hydraulic fluid for a machine will have an important effect on how it performs and on the life of the hydraulic components. During the design of equipment that requires fluid power, many factors are considered in selecting the type of system to be used-hydraulic, pneumatic, or a combination of the two. Some of the factors required are speed and accuracy of operation, surrounding atmospheric conditions, economic conditions, availability of replacement fluid, required pressure level, operating temperature range, contamination possibilities, cost of transmission lines, limitations of the equipment, lubricity, safety to the operators, and expected service life of the equipment. 

The interaction between PFPEs and disk overcoat is another significant factor to affect the properties of lubricant films. PFPEs with functional endgroups (e.g., Zdol and Ztetraol) perform better than PFPEs with nonfunctional endgroup (e.g., Z03) for retention and evaporation at the expense of the surface mobility or replenishment ability. However, strong endgroup functionality can lead to the layering and instability (e.g., surface nonuniformity/dewetting) of PFPE films (Karis... 

Over the period of approximately 40 years as illustrated in Table 2.10, higher performance output was attained in engines by virtue of design criteria and the availability of enhanced lubricant additives and base fluid technologies (Copan and Richardson, 1992). These achievements have been accomplished with reduced quantities of lubricant required for maintenance and operation. Although the lubricant is a minor overall factor in vehicle operating costs, the investment in technology development has resulted in reduced oil waste and oil consumption, with substantially enhanced vehicle durability. 

The factors involved in choosing the best solid lubricant for a particular application are complex. Where the application is in an important mechanical system, it will be necessary to study the properties and performance of the various candidate materials In detail, and then to carry out realistic evaluations to ensure that the chosen material is suitable. 

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