Production fluid

UCARTHERM Heat Transfer Fluid Product Information Bulletin, Union Carbide Chemicals and Plastics Co., Inc., Danbury, Conn., 1989. 

In this diagram, we classify the various types of heterogeneous solid state reactions that can occur. Note that both transformation to solid and fluid products are diagrammed. Also shown are variations where surface and/or volume nucleatlon Is Involved. 

Anonymous. Drilling fluids product directory. Offshore Incorporating Oilman (Int Edition), 51(9) 43 4,46, September 1991. 

P. D. Nguyen, J. D. Weaver, and J. L. Brumley. Stimulating fluid production from unconsolidated formations. Patent US 6257335, 2001. 

A (fluid) + B (solid) — Fluid products A (fluid) + B (solid) — Solid products A (fluid) + B (solid) — Fluid and solid products... 

Physical and Chemical Properties of Hydraulic Fluid Products... 

Information regarding the chemical identity of hydraulic fluid products is located in Table 3-1. This table contains information representative of three types of hydraulic fluids mineral oil, organophosphate ester, and polyalphaolefin. 

One of the main human health concerns about organophosphate esters is the potential for neurotoxicity reactions, in particular a condition known as organophosphate-induced delayed neurotoxicity (OPIDN). Tri-ort/20-cresyl phosphate (TOCP) has been identified as one of the more potent OPIDN neurotoxins in humans, and was formerly a constituent in some organophosphate ester hydraulic fluid products (Marino 1992 Marino and Placek 1994). Production processes now routinely remove virtually all the TOCP. For instance, tricresyl phosphate (TCP) products now typically are manufactured to contain over 98% meta and para isomers and virtually no TOCP (Marino and Placek 1994). Products containing these compounds associated with OPIDN have now entirely disappeared from commercial use, and the vast majority of the industrial organophosphate esters are based on triaryl phosphates with no halogenated components (Marino 1992). At waste disposal sites, however, site contaminants from older product formulations containing the ortho form may be encountered. 

Information regarding the physical and chemical properties of selected hydraulic fluid products is shown in Table 3-4. Physical and chemical properties of selected hydraulic fluid components are shown in Table 3-5. 

Mineral Oil Hydraulic Fluids and Polyalphaolefin Hydraulic Fluids. Limited information about environmentally important physical and chemical properties is available for the mineral oil and water-in-oil emulsion hydraulic fluid products and components is presented in Tables 3-4, 3-5, and 3-7. Much of the available trade literature emphasizes properties desirable for the commercial end uses of the products as hydraulic fluids rather than the physical constants most useful in fate and transport analysis. Since the products are typically mixtures, the chief value of the trade literature is to identify specific chemical components, generally various petroleum hydrocarbons. Additional information on the properties of the various mineral oil formulations would make it easier to distinguish the toxicity and environmental effects and to trace the site contaminant s fate based on levels of distinguishing components. Improved information is especially needed on additives, some of which may be of more environmental and public health concern than the hydrocarbons that comprise the bulk of the mineral oil hydraulic fluids by weight. For the polyalphaolefin hydraulic fluids, basic physical and chemical properties related to assessing environmental fate and exposure risks are essentially unknown. Additional information for these types of hydraulic fluids is clearly needed. 

Organophosphate Ester Hydraulic Fluids. The physical and chemical property information available for the organophosphate ester hydraulic fluid products and components is presented in Tables 3 A, 3-5, 3-8, and 3-9. Much of this information was abstracted from trade literature or data taken from material safety data sheets. While there is information on many of the major component chemicals in the hydraulic fluid products, there can still be major data uncertainties for products that involve mixtures of different components. While current manufacturing practices aim to minimize or eliminate the presence of such worrisome components as th-ortho-cresyl phosphate, there remain major uncertainties about the composition and properties of older products, which would be more commonly encountered as site contaminants at NPL sites. Additional information on physical and chemical properties for organophosphate ester hydraulic fluid products is, therefore, an important data need. 

The most common method for the separation of homogeneous fluid mixtures with fluid products is distillation. Distillation allows virtually complete separation of most homogeneous fluid mixtures. It is no accident that distillation is the most common method used for the separation... 

Because batch processes are in a dynamic state, it can be difficult to maintain the required product specification throughout the batch. Thus, storage can help to dampen out variations in product quality for fluid products. Variations in the outlet properties from the storage are reduced compared with variations in the inlet properties for fluid products. As long as the mean quality is within specifications, all of the product can be sold. 

Su MS and Chien PJ. 2007. Antioxidant activity, anthocyanins, and phenolics of rabbiteye blueberry (Vac-cinium ashei) fluid products as affected by fermentation. Food Chem 104( 1) 182—187. 

Monoclonal antibodies can be produced not only in a cell culture but also in live animals. When injected into mice (in the peritoneal cavity, the gut), the hybridoma cells produce tumors containing an antibody-rich fluid called ascites fluid. Production in cell culture is usually preferred, as the ascites technique may be very painful to the animal and if replacement techniques exist, may be considered unethical. The process of producing monoclonal antibodies described above was invented by Georges Kohler. Cesar Milstein, and Niels Kaj Jeme in 1975 they shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1984 for the discovery (http //en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/Antibody). 

Initial production from each of the 11 wells was approximately 1.5 gpm total fluid. Product production from the system was reported to average 15 barrels/day (bpd) for the first 60 days and 12 bpd for the next 60 days. Visible seepage to the canal was achieved and the state regulators dismissed further administrative action in exchange for periodic monitoring data. 

Occupational exposure to 1,2-dibromoethane has been reported to produce adverse effects both on spermatogenesis (sperm concentration) and seminal fluid production (semen volume) in human males (Ratcliffe et al. 1987 Takahashi et al. 1981, Ter Haar 1980). 

A(fluid) + 6B(solid) fluid products solid products... 

The principal determinants of lOP are the rate of aqueous fluid production by the ciliary epithelium and the rate of fluid drainage (outflow) in the canal of Schlemm. Aqueous fluid production involves passive, near-isosmolar fluid secretion driven by active salt transport across the ciliary epithelium. Ion and solute transporters have been identified on pigmented and non-pigmented layers of the ciliary epithelium that probably facilitate active solute secretion. Aqueous fluid drainage is believed to involve pressure-driven bulk fluid flow in the canal of Schlemm, as well as fluid movement through the sclera by seepage across the ciliary muscle and supraciliary space. 

Zhang D, Vetrivel L, Verkman AS (2002) Aquaporin deletion in mice reduces intraocular pressure and aqueous fluid production. J Gen Physiol 119 561—569... 

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