Fluid milk production plants

Dogan, B., Boor, K.J. 2003. Genetic diversity and spoilage potentials among Pseudomonas spp. isolated from fluid milk products and dairy processing plants. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69, 130-138. 

Milk has been a source for food for humans since the beginning of recorded history. Although the use of fresh milk has increased with economic development, the majority of consumption occurs after milk has been heated, processed, or made into butter. The milk industry became a commercial enterprise when methods for preservation of fluid milk were introduced. The successful evolution of the dairy industry from small to large units of production, ie, the farm to the dairy plant, depended on sanitation of animals, products, and equipment cooling faciUties health standards for animals and workers transportation systems constmction materials for process machinery and product containers pasteurization and sterilization methods containers for distribution and refrigeration for products in stores and homes. 

The leading states in milk production in decreasing order are Wisconsin, Minnesota, New York, California, and Pennsylvania. These states produce - 45% of the U.S. milk supply. Less than 5% of the total production is used on farms and the remainder is sold for commercial purposes. Whereas milk and cream were formerly shipped in 19-, 30-, or 38-L cans from the farm to the plant, in the 1990s most commercial production, particularly for fluid milk, is moved in bulk from the cows to refrigerated farm tanks to insulated bulk tmck tankers and to the manufacturing plant. The investment in equipment and the cost of hired labor are associated with large, capital-intensive production centers. 

In the United States, there is a federal standard for fluid dairy production that is known as the Interstate Milk Standard. This is a standard that is supported by the Federal Department of Agriculture (FDA) and United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), both of which carry out various parts of the inspection process. The standard requires that dairy facilities can audit the milk from the farm through the plant and as finished product. Because this infrastructure already exists, the auditing of organic dairy production is quite simple. 

U.S. Production of Milk Dairy Producers Milking and Handling Milk Hauling Milk Processing Milk Dairy Processing Plants Kinds and Uses of Milk and Milk Products Fluid Milk Special Milks... 

This part is certainly the least developed, to our knowledge. It is important to remember, however, that an animal may ingest a toxic plant and may also survive. If this is the case, and provided this animal or its production are intended for human consumption, one should be able either to analyze tissues and fluids for toxin residues or to monitor fluids (plasma, milk, urine) to determine whether this animal or its productions can be considered safe for human consumption. There are very limited examples of such occurrences. In our laboratory, we analyzed muscular tissues after a confirmed yew tree poisoning case (Taxtis baccata). Three animals did not display any significant trouble except for a transient depression, which resolved itself after 12 h. These animals were butchered and muscle samples were analyzed for taxin residues, as they were known to be exposed to it. Our analytical technique (extraction in alkalinized methylene dichloride) followed by TLC development based on a modification of a published technique (9685), showed that the muscle samples contained between 0.012 and 0.015 j.g/g taxin (wet weight). The presence of taxin in muscle tissues had never been previously reported in cattle after moderate poisoning. Based on this result, the meat was... 

This part is certainly the least developed, to our knowledge. It is important to remember, however, that an animal may ingest a toxic plant and may also survive. If this is the case, and provided this animal or its production are intended for human consumption, one should be able either to analyze tissues and fluids for toxin residues or to monitor fluids (plasma, milk, urine) to determine whether this animal or its productions can be considered safe for human consumption. There are very limited examples of such occurrences. In our laboratory, we analyzed muscular tissues after a confirmed yew tree poisoning case (Taxus baccata). 

Type D Extraction is from material which is sufficiently fluid to be pumped and the product is also a fluid. In this case extraction takes place in a high pressure column in which the material to be extracted flows counter-current to the solvent stream. Depending on the product, the separation takes place by release of pressure or by adsorption in standard pressure vessels or by absorption in a high pressure vessel operated as a column (Table 8.1 D). Examples of type D processes include the refining and fractionation of seed oils and the fractionation of milk fat at pilot plant scale. 

Milk Supply. In 1990, a total of 148 billion pounds (67 billion kilograms) of milk were marketed by U.S. dairy farmers for 20 billion delivered to plants. Of this amount, 37.3% was consumed in fluid form and 62.7%was processed into manufactured dairy products. 

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