Seminal fluid

Lasers (qv) and other high intensity or alternative light sources are usefiil in crime laboratories to visualize latent fingerprints, seminal fluid stains, obhterated writings, and erasures, and to aid in specialized photographic work. Infrared and ultraviolet light sources are also used to view items of evidence. 

Prostate gland. One of the male exocrine glands responsible for secreting seminal fluid. 

Seminal vesicle. An organ in which a portion of the seminal fluid is retained. 

Samen-, seed seminal, spermatic, -behand-lung, /. seed treatment, -beizung, /. seed disinfection, -blattchen, n. cotyledon, -driise, /. testicle, -eiweiss, n. (Bot.) endosperm. -foden, m. spermatozoon, -fliissig-keit, /, seminal fluid. 

Samen-haar, n. (Bot.) seed hair, coma, -hefe, /. seed yeaat. -keim, m. germ, embryo, -kem, m. seed kernel (Bot.) endosperm Physiol.) spermatic nucleus, -lappen, m. seed lobe, cotyledon, -ol, n. seed oil. -pflan-zen, /.pi. seed plants, Spermatophyta. -probe, /. seed test or sample, -saift, m. seminal fluid, -staub, m. pollen, -tierchen, n. sp< rmatozoon. -zelle, /. seminal cell, spertpatozoon. -zucker, m. quercitol, quer-cite. ... 

Therapeutic proteins have also been successfully expressed in the urine and seminal fluid of various transgenic animals. Again, issues of sample collection, volume of collected fluid and the appropriateness of these systems render unlikely their industrial-scale adoption. One system that does show industrial promise, however, is the targeted production of recombinant proteins in the egg white of transgenic birds. Targeted production is achieved by choice of an appropriate... 

Dyck, M.K., Gagne, D., Ouellet, M., Senechal, J.-F., Belanger, E., Lacroix, D., Sirard, M.-A., and Pothier, F. 1999. Seminal vesicle production and secretion of growth hormone into seminal fluid. Nature Biotechnology 17, 1087-1090. 

Gorodeski GI and Goldfarb J [1998] Seminal fluid factor increases the resistance of the tight junctional complex of the cultured human cervical epithelium CaSki. Fertil Steril 69 309-317... 

Acid phosphatase (acid phosphomonoesterase, EC 3.1.3.2) also catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphoric acid monoesters but with an acidic pH optimum. It has broad specificity and catalyzes transphosphorylations. Acid phosphatases are a quite heterogeneous group with monomeric, dimeric, larger glycoprotein, and membrane-bound forms. Acid phosphatase activity is present in the heart, liver, bone, prostate, and seminal fluid. Prostate carcinomas produce large quantities of acid phosphatase, and the enzyme is, therefore, used as a biomarker [141]. 

Occupational exposure to 1,2-dibromoethane has been reported to produce adverse effects both on spermatogenesis (sperm concentration) and seminal fluid production (semen volume) in human males (Ratcliffe et al. 1987 Takahashi et al. 1981, Ter Haar 1980). 

Fructose is synthesised in the prostate gland. It is secreted into the seminal fluid as the fuel for sperm. It is synthesised from glucose as follows... 

Semen is a suspension of spermatozoa in seminal fluid, the volume of which in a normal human ejaculation varies between 2 and 10 mL. There are about 20 million sperm per mL of semen, although they comprise only a small percentage of the volume. 

Seminal fluid arises from secretions of accessory glands. 

It is only during ejaculation that sperm are mixed with seminal fluid. The pH of vaginal fluid is normally about... 

The androst-16-enes in humans are also produced in the testes but spread widely by transport through the body in blood, saliva, seminal fluid, and axillary secretion of males (Gower, 1989). 

Some sensory neurons of the VNO express two gene superfamilies, termed Vlr and V2r, that encode over 240 proteins of the seven-transmembrane type (Matsunami and Buck, 1997). These G-protein-linked putative pheromone receptors are distantly related to the main olfactory system s receptors. Receptors of the VNO are linked to different G-proteins, and their extracellular N-terminal domains are longer than those of the receptors in the main olfactory system. (Vi receptors are linked to Gi-proteins and V2 receptors to Go-proteins). The intracellular excitation mechanism in VNO sensory neurons also differs from that in the main olfactory systems instead of linking to adenylyl cyclase, the VNO receptors activate the phosphoinositol second messenger system. This has been demonstrated in several mammalian species. In hamsters, aphrodisin increases inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) levels in VNO membranes. Boar seminal fluid and urine stimulate increases of IP3 in the VNO of the female pig. (However, in the pig, the VNO is not necessarily essential for responses to pheromones [Dorries etal., 1997]). 

Rats exposed to 2 000 ppm 6 hours/day, 5 days/week, for 2 weeks exhibited lethargy and decreased response to noise. When exposed over a period of 90 days to 1000 ppm, there was nose and eye irritation, gel-like casts in seminal fluid of males, and increases in liver and kidney weight. Microscopic examination revealed hepatocyte hypertrophy and renal hyalin droplet formation in males. The toxicity of MIAK after inhalation exposure was not as extensive or severe as that resulting from a prior study in which male rats were dosed orally with 2000mg/kg/day for 13 weeks. 

In 1935, von Eular demonstrated a substance present in the extracts of human seminal fluid, which caused contraction of the isolated intestine and uterine muscle. This substance was named as prostaglandin (PG) because of its probable origin from the prostate gland. In 1962, the structure of two prostaglandins namely PGEj PGF were elucidated and in 1964, PGE was biosynthesized. 

The puzzle had its inception with the independent observation in the early 1930s by Kurzok and Lieb [1] and later von Euler [2] that seminal fluid contained a substance that caused the contraction of isolated guinea pig muscle strips. The latter named this putative compound prostaglandin in the belief that it originated in the prostate gland the ubiquity of those substances was only uncovered several... 

Atazanavir is an azapeptide PI with a pharmacokinetic profile that allows once-daily dosing. It should be taken with a light meal to enhance bioavailability. Atazanavir requires an acidic medium for absorption and exhibits pH-dependent aqueous solubility therefore, separation of ingestion from acid-reducing agents by at least 12 hours is recommended. Atazanavir is able to penetrate both the cerebrospinal and seminal fluids. The plasma half-life is 6-7 hours, which increases to approximately 11 hours when -administered with ritonavir. The primary route of elimination is biliary atazanavir should not be given to patients with severe hepatic insufficiency. 

As early as 1930, it was recognized that seminal fluid contains materials that promote contraction of uterine muscles. The active compounds, the prostaglandins, were isolated and crystallized in 1960 and were identified shortly thereafter.257 258 As many as 14 closely related compounds are found in human seminal fluid, one of the richest known sources. Prostaglandins are present in seminal fluid at a total concentration of 1 mM, but their action on smooth muscles has been observed at a concentration as low as 10 9 M. 

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