Kohler, Georges

Kohleoel-Integrated Gross Oil Refining (IGOR+) process, 6 844, 848 Kohler, George, 11 12... 

Monoclonal antibodies can be produced not only in a cell culture but also in live animals. When injected into mice (in the peritoneal cavity, the gut), the hybridoma cells produce tumors containing an antibody-rich fluid called ascites fluid. Production in cell culture is usually preferred, as the ascites technique may be very painful to the animal and if replacement techniques exist, may be considered unethical. The process of producing monoclonal antibodies described above was invented by Georges Kohler. Cesar Milstein, and Niels Kaj Jeme in 1975 they shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1984 for the discovery (http //en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/Antibody). 

Niels K. Jerne, Georges J. F. Kohler, and Cesar Milstein Physiology/Medicine Cellular basis of immunology... 

In 1975, George Kohler and Caesar Milstein (then in Cambridge, UK) discovered the principle of monoclonal antibodies (Nobel prize 1981). 

Kohler, A., B. Lauritzen, S. Bahns, S.G. George, L. Forlin and C.J.F. Van Noorden. Clonal adaptation of cancer cells in flatfish liver to environmental contamination by changes in expression of P-gp related MXR, CYP450, GST-A and G6PDH activity. Mar. Environ. Res. 46 191-195, 1998. 

However, together with Niels K. Jerne, George D. Kohler and Cesar Milstein were later awarded the 1984 Nobel Prize in Medicine ...for theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the immune system and the discovery of the principle for production of monoclonal antibodies . 

At the same time, Georges J. F. Kohler and Cesar Milstein were working together at the Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Cambridge, where in 1975 they discovered a technique to produce monoclonal antibodies. Previously, to prepare substantial quantities of antibodies, scientists had to inject an antigen into an animal, wait for antibodies to form, draw blood from the animal and isolate (a mixture of different types of) antibodies. The only way to obtain monoclonal antibodies was to clone lymphocytes, secreting one form of antibody molecules. 

British scientists Georges J. F. Kohler and Cesar Milstein found that because myeloma cells, like those of most cancers, are immortalized, they could artificially fuse myeloma cells with immune cells of known specificity to produce a clone of immortal cells producing identical antibodies because these cells represented a clone, the product became known as monoclonal antibodies. 

Laboratory for Biomedical Microtechnology, Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg IMTEK, Georges-Kohler-Allee 102,... 

Department of Microsystems Engineering—IMTEK, Laboratory for Electrical Instrumentation, University of Freiburg, Georges-Kohler-Allee 106,... 

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