Production and Handling of Cryogenic Fluids

Most of the cryogenic fluids are now available commercially in many parts of the world. These are shipped and stored in special insulated containers from which they are either used directly or are transferred to portable dewars and used as required. However, liquid helium and some of the reactive fluids are ordinarily produced in laboratory liquefiers as they are needed. For simplicity, laboratory experiments may be conducted with these fluids directly in the liquefier storage vessel, although provisions are usually made for the withdrawal of the liquid through an evacuated transfer tube. 

Liquid fluorine, ozone, and carbon monoxide should never be handled in inhabited areas. In general, these liquids should be handled remotely by well-trained personnel. Provision must be made for safe disposal of the vapors in all cases (Section 5.3). 

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