Fire plan, development

After World War I, ammunition and explosives which had been returned from combat areas accumulated in United States storage depots which were inadequate for the safe storage of such large quantities. Many incidents, fires, and explosions occurred involving these stores. House Document 199, Ammunition Storage Conditions, became the foundation for much of the planned development of explosives safety standards as we know them today. 

A fire plan should be developed with sketch maps and diagrams showing the locations of stored flammable materials, fire alarms, fire brigade call points, emergency exits, escape routes, rescue and safety equipment, hydrants, fire-fighting equipment, and plant controls to be activated in the event of a fire emergency. All personnel should be aware of special or unusual risks associated with stored flammable materials. 

The LEPC ineludes eleeted state and loeal oflfieials. Besides eleeted offieials, the LEPC eould inelude poliee, fire, eivil defense, publie health, hospital, and transportation offieials, as well as environmental experts and faeility representatives. The LEPC requires the development of emergeney response plans. 

The cit> developed an Industrial Mutual Aid System that has been copied all over the world. It incorporates resources from city government, police and fire departments and all of the industries at the port. Emergencies covered in the plan range from simple chemical spills and vapor leaks up to Category Five hurricanes and jetliner crashes. 

Each local emergency planning committee was responsible for developing an emergency response phm by October 17, 1987. An LEPC was to be composed of elected stale and local officials police, fire, civil defense, and public health professionals representatives of community groups ... 

The above data should be useful for tlie planning to be accomplished by tlie local emergency planning committee and first responders, especially fire departments and HAZMAT teams. Both tlie hazards analysis (discussed in detail in Parts II and IV) and tlie development of emergency countermeasures should be facilitated by the availability of MSDS information. If significant new information regarding a chemical is discovered, revised material safely data sheets must be submitted. 

The iiifornialioii from Tier II and on-site inspections should help the local fire department in the development of prefire plans. Tlie information submitted by facilities midcr Sections 311 and 312 must generally be made available to tlie public by state and local govermneiits during normal working hours. 

Although a plan for a city dii ided by a river may not be applicable to a desert city on a seismic fault, duplication can be an enemy of cost efficiency. Thus wherever possible, any emergency plans diat already exist in die community should be used as a starting point. Coinmunity groups diat may have developed such plans include civil defense organizadons, fire departments, die Red Cross, public health agencies, and local industry councils. Existing plans should be studied and their applicability to the proposed community plan evaluated. 

Bayer MaterialScience (Germany) in the Project "Dream Production" combines part of waste streams of coal-fired power plants, CO2, with the production of polymers. The target is the design and development of a technical process able to produce C02-based polyether polycarbonate polyols on a large scale. The first step was to convert the C02 in new polyols, and these polyols showed similar properties such as products already on the market and can be processed in conventional plans as well (Figure 22). 

Meeting the Kyoto goals could have a major impact on the electric power and auto industries and many believed the economy would suffer greatly. Developing countries like China and India would be exempt from the reduction of carbon dioxide emissions. China and India have plans to build over 600 coal-fired plants. The emissions of these plants would be 5 times the total saving of Kyoto. 

There are several initiatives for the development and demonstration of CCS worldwide. For instance, the European Union has an ambition to deploy 10-12 full-scale CCS demonstration projects within Europe by 2015, testing various ways of integrating CCS in coal and gas-fired power generation it also aims for CCS to be commercially viable for all new fossil fuel power plants by 2020, with existing plants progressively retrofitted (EC, 2007). Other pilot and demonstration plants are planned in the United States, Australia and China.5... 

Emergency response plans (ERPs) are nothing new to chemical industries, since many have developed ERPs to deal with natural disasters, accidents, violence in the workplace, civil unrest, and so on. Because chemical industries are a vital part and ingredient of our way of life, it has been prudent for chemical industries to develop ERPs in order to help ensure the continuous flow of water to the community. However, many chemical industry ERPs developed prior to 9/11 do not explicitly deal with terrorist threats, such as intentional fire, explosion, or contamination. Recently, the U.S. Congress and federal regulators have required chemical industries to prepare or revise, as necessary, an ERP to reflect the findings of their vulnerability assessment and to address terrorist threats. 

We pointed out earlier that most emergency plans address fire, medical emergencies, and the accidental release or spills of hazardous materials. Note that the development of emergency response plans should also factor in other possible emergencies— natural disasters, floods, explosions, and/or weather-related events that could occur and certainly will occur. Now, emergency response to terrorist activity or threats must also be added to the list. 

A program is necessary for identifying all materials in the workplace, and making employees aware of the hazards of these materials and the necessary precautions to be taken to prevent or control personnel exposure. Materials Hazard Identification and information gathering is an essential element of fire prevention. The hazardous properties of all chemical substances used in the workplace should be known in order to develop the appropriate design, routine handling practices, and fire prevention plan. 

Developing plans for response to credible fire events is an important emergency planning element. Different fire events require different responses. Complete extinguishment is the appropriate approach for some events. For others, the optimum approach may be to cool adjacent structures until the source of the fuel can be isolated or until the fuel is depleted. Still others may require that firefighters secure perimeter areas and allow the fire to burn itself out. 

Factors that enter into the development of fire pre-plans include safety of firefighting personnel environmental, regulatory and community consequences of allowing a fire to burn itself out and costs and availability in having firefighting personnel standing by while a fire is burning itself out. 

The term fire pre-planning describes the actual process of developing fire response tactics for emergency response personnel as well as the actions taken by operations. A fire pre-plan provides emergency fire responders an inventory of essential information necessary for developing tactical response at the onset... 

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