Fire emergency

When a fire occurs, it is assumed that all fluid flow to and from the fire risk area has been stopped. Therefore, flow loads such as control valve failure or incoming feed streams are not additive to the fire load. Credit is not generally given to flow out through normal channels, since they could also be blocked during the fire emergency. 

Crozier, R. A., Jr., Sizing Relief Valves for Fire Emergencies, Chem. Engr., Oct. 1985, p. 49. 

Fauske, H. K, et al, Emergency Relief Vent Sizing for Fire Emergencies Invoking Liquid-Filled Atmospheric Storage Vessels, Plant/Operations Progress, 5 (4), 205-208, October 1986. 

Fires, emergency relief, 450—454 External, 450, 463 Heat absorbed, 451... 

Those materials that normally have the capacity to resist changes in their chemical composition, despite exposure to air, water, and heat as encountered in fire emergencies. 

Fire water pumps should be dedicated solely to fire protection. They may be used to feed into a backup system for emergency process cooling, but not as the primary supply. Valving for this connection should be accessible for prompt shutdown when required under fire emergency conditions. 

Based on the physical layout of the site, the hazards of the process and the fixed fire protection systems, additional fire suppression equipment may be required to effectively manage a fire emergency. Portable fire suppression equipment assists in providing fire protection for the equipment involved in an emergency. The use of portable equipment provides protection, where the cost of fixed system may not be acceptable or the fire water supply may be limited. Examples of portable equipment include ... 

Three basic fire emergency situations that deserve special consideration regarding pressurized vessels are shown in Table 8-13. They are listed in increasing order of severity. 

Operating Procedures for Fire Emergency Response Equipment... 

One means of addressing civil unrest is to develop a menu approach for joint action between law enforcement and fire/emergency medical service (EMS) agencies. A list of strategies that a community may adopt as is, or interchange as needed, is compiled. Even with this approach, joint action between police and fire personnel may not be the best strategy to control a particular situation. (In some circumstances, allowing the crisis to run its course may be the best policy.)... 

Inconsistencies for sizing relief valves for fire emergencies arise among published codes. This is because of varying interpretations of the heat flux caused by fire exposure. These variations are based on the area in which the heat flux applies and the protection factors used to characterize the installations. Crozier [ 13] has summarized these variations and evaluated the pertinent correlations. Here, the API 520 correlation is used because it contains an implied protection factor of 0.5 for good drainage. 

Characteristics of LP gases, types of fire emergencies, response strategies, liquid versus vapor release, unignited leaks, construction of LP containers and behavior during fires, and preventing container failure. 

An emergency response team, under the control of the emergency response coordinator, should be assembled with a clearly defined chain of command. The members of this team should be selected and trained for specific mitigative and communication tasks. Specific duties might include spill cleanup, first aid, employee evacuation and headcount, incipient fire response, fire pump/sprinkler control valve/fire door monitoring, firefighting, fire/emergency responder communications, and rescue. 

Each facility should have a written plan for the orderly evacuation of each building at a facility. The plan should establish the necessary procedures for fire emergencies, bomb threats, etc. Each employee... 

Notification - The Building Coordinator must assure that building occupants know whom to call in case of an emergency and the proper sequence of notification. If it is a fire emergency, call a designated three-digit number (in the United States, 911 for example), then... 

Sodium peroxide (Na202) is often used in self-contained breathing devices, such as those used in fire emergencies, because it reacts with exhaled CO2 to form Na2C03 and O2. How many liters of respired air can react with 80.0 g of Na202 if each liter of respired air contains 0.0720 g of CO2 ... 

Establishment of optimization model of rescue routes for mine fire emergencies... 

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