Safety standards, explosives

Ammunition and Explosives Safety Standard, U.S. Dept, of Defense Explosives Safety Board, no. 6055, DOD, Alexandria, Va., July 1984. 

Department of Defense. DOD Ammunitions and Explosive Safety Standards. DOD 6055.9-STD. 

Department of Defense Ammunition and Explosives Safety Standards, DOD 6055.9-STD, Jul 1984 (First Amendment, Change 1, 19 Aug 86... 

Department of Defense (DOD) 6055.9 - STD, July 1984, Ammunition and Explosives Safety Standards. 

Refs 1) Anon, Ammunition and Explosives Standards , TM 9-1300-206 (1973), Chapt 5, pp 5-1 to 5-31 (Quantity-Distance Regulations, Classes and Tables) 2) C.E. Gregory, Explosives for North American Engineers , Trans Tech Publications, Cleveland (1973), 252—56 3) Anon, Ammunition and Explosives Safety Standards , AR 385-64 (1975)... 

Federal Register 41, (74), 15972—16131 (April 1976). Order as Publication of Docket HM-103/112, Amendments (Part II) from the Supt of Doc, Gov t Printing Office. Washington, DC 47) Anon, DOD Ammunition and Explosives Safety Standards , Publication DOD 5154.4 (Mar 1976) 48) Anon, Quantity-Distance... 

After World War I, ammunition and explosives which had been returned from combat areas accumulated in United States storage depots which were inadequate for the safe storage of such large quantities. Many incidents, fires, and explosions occurred involving these stores. House Document 199, Ammunition Storage Conditions, became the foundation for much of the planned development of explosives safety standards as we know them today. 

DDESB policies, philosophy, and safety criteria are reflected in published chemical ammunition standards which were published in the Federal Register (41 FR 20686) and in DoD Ammunition and Explosives Safety Standards (1 ). These standards are used to review the site plans, safety submissions, and in conducting worldwide safety surveys of activities that store or handle DoD chemical ammunition. The surveys, however, are not conducted just to evaluate compliance with chemical ammunition and explosives safety standards. The surveys are a means whereby the DDESB Secretariat can keep informed on the military departments safety posture, determine the need for new standards or change to existing ones, and detect hazardous conditions. 

In conclusion, it is appropriate to indicate that through the years, beginning with the acceptance by the original board in 1928 of the American Table of Distances, concerted efforts have been and are being made, to provide realism and factual data in the establishment of lasting and effective chemical and explosives safety standards. 

The DOD Ammunition and Explosives Safety Standards DOD 5154.4S describes standards applying to combined toxic chemical and explosive hazards to a maximum credible event and its effect on hazard zone distance calculations. Also within the standards are found safety criteria relating to selection of the type of operational containment required, total versus vapor containment. 

DOD Ammunition and Explosives Safety Standards, 5154.4S, Interim Change 2-1, 15 July 1976. 

Sax (1968), 208—26 (Storage and handling of hazardous materials) 3) Anon, DOD Ammunition and Explosives Safety Standards , Office of the Asst Secretary of Defense, Installations Logistics, DOD 4145.27M (March 1969), 3-1 to 3-14 (Principles and application of quantity-distances, standard explosives facilities and siting requirements) 4) Anon, Safety—... 

The primary environmental regulations that apply to the treatment of chemical munitions include the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), the Clean Air Act (CAA), and RCRA. In addition, DOD Ammunition and Explosive Safety Standards (DOD 6055.9-STD) mandate DDESB approval of a site safety submission for each application, although systemwide approval can be obtained allowing use anywhere in the United States with minimal supplementary information. 

Meyer, R. 1977. Explosives. Gebr. Diesbach. Germany Several. 1997. Accident Prevention Manual - for Business Industry, National Safety Council, EUA Illinois US Government. 1999. Pamphlet 385-64 Ammunition and Explosives Safety Standards. USA Washington US Government. 2000. MIL-STD-882D Standard Practice for system safety. USA... 

INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, Protection Against Internal Hazards Other than Fire and Explosions, Safety Standards Series, IAEA, Vienna (in preparation). 

The DDESB is chartered in Title 10 of the U.S. Code. The DDESB authors DOD 6055.9-STD, Ammunition and Explosives Safety Standards. It also evaluates scientific data which may adjust those standards, reviews and approves all explosives site plans for new construction, and conducts worldwide visits to locations containing U.S. title munitions. 

Prevention and control essentially deals with the eliminaUon of diose conditions which make die explosion possible. Tliis is accomplished through die application of basic safety standards, acceptable safe pracUces and good engineering judgement. Primary standards md safe pracUces applicable midcr die various explosion categories are available in die literature. ... 

T. A. Ventrone, Ibid 38 CA 72, 113375 (1970) (a number of explosions during batch nitration are described. The effects of temp, rate of addition, and ratio of reactant on the explns are shown. It is suggested that safety standards be determined and enforced)... 

Freund, D., Origin and Subsequent Modification of Explosive Safety Quantity-Distance (ESQD) Standards Special Reference to Naval Weapons—Volume 1, DTNSRDC/SD-78-4, May 1978. 

Time is saved. DOD construction projects involving explosives require special review by the DOD Explosives Safety Board. Standard designs are pre-approved this saves review time. 

Russia (U.S.S.R.) GOST 12.1.010-76. Occupational Safety Standards System, Explosion Safety. General Requirements. State Standards Committee of the USSR, Moscow, U.S.S.R., 1984. 

The arming vane may drive a gear train which, after a definite interval, removes safety blocks or aligns the detonator with the next element in the explosive train. Standard arming vanes have blade pitches of 30°, 60°or 90°, but there are also "special" vane assemblies with different blade pitches (Ref 51a, p 5-38)... 

Most on-line analyzers are installed as permanent fixtures. Bearing this in mind, environmental issues associated with temperature and vibration become more critical, and the requirement for conformance to safety standards may be enforced by the need for system certification. The latter requires an assessment of the working environment, and the potential for fire and/or explosion hazard, relative to the anticipated presence of flammable vapors or gases. Safety hazard and local electrical design code compliance, which includes CE Mark for Europe, Canadian Standards Association (CSA) for Canada,... 

In attempts to strive for better performance, safety aspects (lower sensitivities) can not be ignored. For example, by using the formulations Composition B and octol (see Tab. 1.2) instead of TNT, the performance can be increased significantly (Fig. 2.1). However, the sensitivity increases as well which causes safety to decrease accordingly. The goal of current research is to develop considerably less sensitive secondary explosives, which offer maximum performance and a high safety standard (Fig. 2.9). 

Today, DDESB is concerned with the same explosives safety aspects of munitions manufacture, storage, transportation, and disposal as was recommended by Congress in 1928. An additional functional area added in 1968 by the Secretary of Defense is the establishment of chemical safety standards and a chemical safety program for chemical agents and components of chemical ammunition. 

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