Fatty acids applications

Mielniczuk, Z., Mielniczuk, E., and Larsson, L. (1993), Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry methods for analysis of 2- and 3-hydroxylated fatty acids Application for endotoxin measurement, I. Microbiol. Meth., 17, 91-102. 

Peet M, EPA Treatment Group. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in the treatment of schizophrenia. Treatment of schizophrenia with ethyl-eicosapentaenoate (EPA) a randomized placebo controlled trial. Brain Reuptake and Utilization of Fatty Acids, Applications to Peroxisomal Disorders, an International Workshop, 2000, p. 11. 

Austed, N., Innis, S.M., and De la Pressa Owens, S. 2000. Brain uptake and utilization of fatty acids applications to peroxisomal biogenesis diseases. In M. Watkins, P., Spector, A., Hamilton, J., and Katz, R. eds. National Institutes of Health Conference (Ed.), Brain uptake and utilization of fatty acids Applications to peroxisomal biogenesis disorders (Vol. 16, p. 3). 

Mamer, O.A. and Gibbs, B.F. (1974), GC of the TMS esters of the short chain fatty acids application to short chain acidosis. In Application of Gas Chromatography -Mass Spectrometry to the Investigation of Human Disease (Proceedings of a Workshop, Montreal, May 1973) (eds. O.A. Mamer, W.J. Mitchell and C.R. Scriver), McGill University-Montreal Children s Hospital Research Institute, pp. 125-127. 

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) can resolve features down to about 1 nm and allows the use of electron diffraction to characterize the structure. Since electrons must pass through the sample however, the technique is limited to thin films. One cryoelectron microscopic study of fatty-acid Langmuir films on vitrified water [13] showed faceted crystals. The application of TEM to Langmuir-Blodgett films is discussed in Chapter XV. 

Mixing fatty acids with fatty bases can dissolve films as the resulting complexes become water-soluble however, in some cases the mixed Langmuir film is stabilized [128]. The application of an electric field to a mixed lipid monolayer can drive phase separation [129]. 

Separation applications Separation cell Separation, liquid-liquid Separation, low energy Separation, magnetic Separation nozzle Separation of fatty acids Separations... 

S. H. Shapiro, "Commercial Nitrogen Derivatives of Fatty Acids," in E. Pattison, ed., Patty A.cids and Their Industrial Applications, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 1968, pp. 77—154. 

Where resorcinol adhesives are not suitable, resins can be prepared from modified resorcinol [128], Characteristic of these types of resins arc those used for tyre cord adhesives, in which a pure resorcinol-formaldehyde resin is used, or alternatively, alkyl resorcinol or oil-soluble resins suitable for rubber compounding are obtained by prereaction of resorcinol with fatty acids in the presence of sulfuric acid at high temperature followed by reaction with formaldehyde. Worldwide more than 90% of resorcinol adhesives are used as cold-setting wood adhesives. The other most notable application is as tyre cord adhesives, which constitutes less than 5% of the total use. 

The study of biochemical natural products has also been aided through the application of two-dimensional GC. In many studies, it has been observed that volatile organic compounds from plants (for example, in fruits) show species-specific distributions in chiral abundances. Observations have shown that related species produce similar compounds, but at differing ratios, and the study of such distributions yields information on speciation and plant genetics. In particular, the determination of hydroxyl fatty acid adducts produced from bacterial processes has been a successful application. In the reported applications, enantiomeric determination of polyhydroxyl alkanoic acids extracted from intracellular regions has been enabled (45). 

Fatty acids, both saturated and unsaturated, have found a variety of applications. Brassilic acid (1,11-un-decanedicarboxylic acid [BA]), an important monomer used in many polymer applications, is prepared from erucic acid (Scheme 2), obtained from rapeseed and crambe abyssinica oils by ozonolysis and oxidative cleavage [127]. For example, an oligomer of BA with 1,3-butane diol-lauric acid system is an effective plasticizer for polyvinylchloride. Polyester-based polyurethane elastomers are prepared from BA by condensing with ethylene glycol-propylene glycol. Polyamides based on BA are known to impart moisture resistance. 

By depolymerizing PET waste with a polyol and subsequently condensing the oligomeric product with a polycarboxylic acid or anhydride, polyester resins are produced which have wide industrial applications. Depending on the polyol and polycarboxylic acid or anhydride used, saturated resins, alkyd resins, or unsaturated resins are obtained. PET wastes have been used for the production of alkyd resins in water thinnable paints. The materials obtained from the reaction of PET with a mixture of fatty acids high in linoleic acid content and trimethylolethane have been used in the preparation of water-dispersible coatings. Products of the depolymerization of PET with trimethylolpropane and pentaerythritol are used in the manufacture of high-solids paints. In the first step, PET is depolymerized with trimethylopropane and pentaerythritol at temperatures of 230-240°C. The final paint compositions contain 30-50% of PET depolymerization products.12... 

A special application of the ether carboxylic acid in metalworking has been described by Schuster [46] a boric acid ester has been produced by condensation of boric acid, alkanolamine, and alkyl ether carboxylic acid, eventually combined with a fatty acid. This condensation product gives less Ca soap precipitation, good anticorrosion effect, better removability of residues, and cleaner apparatus than the condensation product using only fatty acid. 

For technical applications, the production of ester sulfonates from the (purified) sulfo fatty acids involves too much effort, especially because the relevant fatty acid esters can be produced directly from the triglycerides of fats and oils by transesterification. The only possible way to produce ester sulfonates is the sulfonation of fatty acid esters. 

Because of their preferential use as detergents, the main interest in the physicochemical properties of the salts of a-sulfo fatty acid esters is related to their behavior in aqueous solution and at interfaces. In principle these are surface-active properties of general interest like micelle formation, solubility, and adsorption, and those of interest for special applications like detergency, foaming, and stability in hard water. 

The applications of a-sulfo fatty acid esters are widely spread as for other surfactants. They can be used in detergents, cleansers, and cosmetic products as well as in the building industry and for the production of synthetic materials and agrochemicals. The main properties for these applications are surface activity, wetting ability, hard water stability, lime soap dispersion power, and good human and environmental safety profiles. 

When a-sulfo fatty acid esters are used as the major active component in detergents they can cause problems because of their foaming properties. In European horizontal drum-type automatic washers they produce too much foam, and in the rinse cycle of the American and Japanese pulsator-type washers the foam cannot be completely rinsed out [38]. The problem of inefficient rinsing can be solved by the addition of soap [63] or sulfonated unsaturated fatty acid esters [64]. For European applications special foam inhibitors are needed. 

A special application of a-sulfo fatty acid esters is for highly concentrated hard surface cleaners which are used after dilution in a pail of water. Normally hydrotropes are needed to increase the solubility of the surfactants in water and assure clear, homogeneous, and storage-stable products. If the LAS, which are typical surfactants in hard surface cleaners, are replaced by ester sulfonates the hydrotrope can be deleted from the formula [62]. 

Generally speaking, up to now the importance of a-sulfo fatty acid esters in cosmetic products has been low [1 p. 367], In the future they may become more interesting because of their mildness. a-Sulfomethyl laurate and most other ester sulfonates are mild to the skin also, they are not human skin sensitizers or primary skin irritants. Tests have shown that a-sulfomethyl laurate is mild enough to be in bath products, such as bubble bath [62]. Three patents for different applications are given to show how ester sulfonates can be used in cosmetics. 

Sodium a-sulfomethylmyristate is used together with the sodium salt of hardened beef tallow fatty acid to produce a soap with little skin irritation [88]. Shampoos for application to hair as well as skin comprise a-sulfo fatty acid ester salts, fatty acid dialkanolamides, and citric acid. For example, a shampoo that consists of 15% sodium a-sulfoethylmyristate, 3% lauric acid diethanolamide, 0.5% citric acid, and 81.5% water is very effective even in hard water and only slightly irritating to the skin [89]. 

There are some applications for a-sulfo fatty acid esters in the production and processing of synthetic materials or natural rubber. Emulsifiers are needed for the emulsion polymerization, antistatic agents improve the properties of polymers, and wetting agents are needed as parting components for elastomers. 

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