Wetting, detergents

The surface active properties of aHphatic amine oxides were discovered ia the 1930s and the wetting, detergent, emulsion, and foam stabilizing properties were published shortiy thereafter (42). However, the use of amine oxides was not significant until Procter and Gamble started usiag them ia household products around 1960 (43—46). 

LialkylSulfosuccinates. Introduced in 1939 by the American Cyanamid Company under the Aerosol trademark, dialkyl sulfosuccinates have become widely used specialty surfactants (Table 8) (9). Within the limitations in hydrolytic stabiUty imposed by the presence of the ester groups, sulfosuccinates are mild, versatile surfactants used when strong wetting, detergency, rewetting, penetration, and solubilization effectiveness is needed. 

Schulze [51] described an extensive study on C12-C14 ether carboxylic acid sodium salt (4.5 mol EO) in terms of surface tension, critical micelle concentration (CMC), wetting, detergency, foam, hardness stability, and lime soap dispersing properties. He found good detergent effect compared to the etho-xylated C16-C18 fatty alcohol (25 mol EO) independent of CaCl2 concentration, there was excellent soil suspending power, low surface tension, and fewer Ca deposits than with alkylbenzenesulfonate. 

The tendency of nonionics to produce foam varies. Some, such as the block copolymers, are even used as defoamers. Their wetting, detergency and emulsifying properties also vary widely, depending to a large extent on the balance between the hydrophobic and hydrophilic (oxyethylene) portions. 

The physico-chemical theory of surface activity is a vast field and no more than broad principles can be touched on here major reference sources exist for those who require more detail of the relationship between chemical structure and the various surfactant properties such as wetting, detergency and emulsification-solubilisation [32-36]. 

The change in charge with pH of amphoteric surfactants affects their properties, such as wetting, detergency, and foaming. Atthe i.e.p., the properties of amphoterics resemble those of nonionics very closely, but below and above the i.e.p. the properties shift towards those of cationic and anionic surfactants, respectively. Zwitterionic surfactants have excellent dermatological properties, and also exhibit low eye irritation consequently, they are frequently used in shampoos and other personal care products (e.g., cosmetics). 

This formulation has excellent wetting, detergent, rinsing and foaming properties. It is recommended as a medium duty cleaner for truck bodies, floor scrubs, wax strippers, etc. This product is clear from -5C to 70C. This formula would require approximately 4 times as much sodium xylene sulfonate as the amount of Monateric CEM-36 used to achieve clarity. Other nonionic ethoxy-lates, such as those based on primary alcohol or alkyl phenol may... 

LAS is considered the ideal all-purpose surfactant suitable for the widest range of detergent applications due to its optimized performances in terms of solubility, foaming, wetting, detergency, and compatibility with other detergent components. 

The adsorption properties of surfactants are related to how the molecules reach and are generally found at the interface between a water and an oil phase and an air and a water phase. This molecular property results in the macroscopic properties of wetting, detergency, foaming, and emulsion formation. The molecules of a surface-active... 

Anionic surfactants that exhibit high degrees of surface activity and are recommended for applications requiring wetting, detergency, and emulsification. 

Most phosphate esters are pale yellow to amber in color, sweet smelling, viscous liquid, or pastes. Depending on the type of phosphate esters, they have many important properties, among which are wetting, detergency, solubilizing, emulsification, surface tension... 

Uses Lubricant, emulsifier In textile, metalworking formulas Features Provides wetting, detergent attributes... 

Uses Lubricant, emulsifier in textile, metalworking fomtulas Features Provides wetting, detergency attributes in cleaners Regulatory DOT, lATA IMO not regulated SARA 311/312 Immediate Health Hazard Canada DSL Australia AlCS Korea ECL Properties Off-wh. solid Gardner color 1 max. mild, fatly odor sol. in water sp.gr. 1 flash pt. (COC) 237 C pH (5% aq.) 5-7 HLB 15.6 add value 1 max. hydroxyl value 4 55... 

Uses Emulsifier-solubilizer (degreaser) for min, spirits, kerosene, aromatics inch low-VOC soivs, provides wetting, detergency, and rinsing props, to engine cleaners, garage floor cleaners, oil rig cleaners, degreasers Properties Amber cl, Iiq, pH 8.8 (10%) 100% total solids Monamulse 1255 [Croda Inc]... 

Uses Specialty emulsifier for low-VOC and commonly used industrial soivs., incl. min. spirits, aromatics, kerosene, terpenes, pine oil provides wetting, detergency, penetrating props, to solv.-based cleaners rec. for paint strippers, graffiti removers, aircraft cleaners, waterless hand cleaners, transportation cleaners, degrees-6rs 6tc... 

The critical micelle concentration (cmc) denotes the surfactant concentration range at which surfactant molecules associate to form micelles. The term cmc has been defined as the surfactant concentration in a solution in which just half of the total surfactant present is in the monomeric form [139]. Because several physical properties of micellar solutions change abruptly at cmc, the value of cmc and its dependence on surfactant structure, composition of the solution, and physical conditions are of great practical importance. Wetting, detergency, solubilization, and other important processes depend on the cmc of the micellar solution. 

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