Lubricants metal-working

Lubricants Metal-working fluids Rubber Plastics... 

Heat-transfer fluids Hydraulic fluids Industrial coatings Mandrel lubricants Metal-working lubricants Seal lubricants Solder-assist fluids... 

The same features, however, proved successful in the commercial use of the poly(alkylene oxide)s as machine lubricants, metal-working lubricants, quenchants, and hydraulic fluids. The solubility of ethylene oxide/ propylene oxide copolymer glycols in water has led these formulations to be universally accepted as "hydrolubes" and brake fluids where the nonflammability and wide temperature service range of a blend of polyol and water are key features. 

Cold Forming. Some ABS grades have ductihty and toughness such that sheet can be cold formed from blanks 0.13—6.4 mm thick using standard metal-working techniques. Up to 45% diameter reduction is possible on the first draw subsequent redraws can yield 35%. Either aqueous or nonaqueous lubrication is required. More details are available in Reference 147. 

Chlorinated paraffins are versatile materials and are used in widely differing appHcations. As cost-effective plasticizers, they are employed in plastics particularly PVC, mbbers, surface coatings, adhesives, and sealants. Where required they impart the additional features of fire retardance, and chemical and water resistance. In conjunction with antimony trioxide, they constitute one of the most cost-effective fire-retardant systems for polymeric materials, textiles, surface coatings, and paper products. Chlorinated paraffins are also employed as components in fat Hquors used in the leather industry, as extreme pressure additives in metal-working lubricants, and as solvents in carbonless copying paper. 

The selection of chlorinated paraffin and the level of additives to a lubricating oil depends on the type of appHcation and the severity of the operation. An approximate guide for the formulation of straight-cutting oils for metal-working is as foUows ... 

In the United States approximately 50% of the 40,000 t of chloriaated paraffins consumed domestically are used in metal-working lubricants. Approximately 20% are consumed as plastic additives, mainly fire retardants, and similarly 12% in mbber. The remainder as plasticizers in paint (9%) and caulks, adhesives, and sealants at 6%. 

Miscellaneous Derivatives. Fimehc acid is used as an intermediate in some pharmaceuticals and in aroma chemicals ethylene brassylate is a synthetic musk (114). Salts of the diacids have shown utUity as surfactants and as corrosion inhibitors. The alkaline, ammonium, or organoamine salts of glutaric acid (115) or C-5—C-16 diacids (116) are useflil as noncorrosive components for antifreeze formulations, as are methylene azelaic acid and its alkah metal salt (117). Salts derived from C-21 diacids are used primarily as surfactants and find apphcation in detergents, fabric softeners, metal working fluids, and lubricants (118). The salts of the unsaturated C-20 diacid also exhibit anticorrosion properties, and the sodium salts of the branched C-20 diacids have the abUity to complex heavy metals from dilute aqueous solutions (88). 

Miscellaneous Commercial Applications. Dimer acids are components of "downweU" corrosion inhibitors for oil-drilling equipment (see Petroleum Corrosion and corrosion inhibitors). This may account for 10% of current dimer acid use (71). The acids, alkyl esters, and polyoxyalkylene dimer esters are used commercially as components of metal-working lubricants (see Lubrication). Dimer esters have achieved some use in specialty lubricant appHcations such as gear oils and compressor lubricants. The dimer esters, compared to dibasic acid esters, polyol esters and poly(a-olefin)s, are higher in cost and of higher viscosity. The higher viscosity, however, is an advantage in some specialties, and the dimer esters are very stable thermally and can be made quite oxidatively stable by choice of proper additives. 

Other dimer acid markets include intermediates for nitriles, amines and diisocyanates. Dimers are also used in polyurethanes, in corrosion inhibition uses other than for downweU equipment, as a "mildness" additive for metal-working lubricants, and in fiber glass manufacture. 

Brining, 5 788 Brinkman s theory, 22 54 Briquetting process, 74 497 Britannia metal, composition, 3 52t British Lubrication Engineering Working Group, 75 201, 202. See also Great Britain United Kingdom (UK)... 

Polyglycerols obtained by the dehydration of glycerol (Scheme 3.7) are employed as surfactants, lubricants, cosmetic, food additives, etc. Their esterification with fatty acids leads also to valuable emulsifiers or metal-working fluids. Zeolites have been used to take advantage of their shape selectivity effect to minimize oligomer formation, as described in two patents [61, 62]. A fair compromise between activity and selectivity has been obtained by Clacens et al. [63] using cesium-impregnated mesoporous MCM-41. 

Molybdenum disulfide also forms sheet molecules. It consists of covalently bonded sheets with sulfur atoms on both sides of molybdenum atoms, as shown in Figure 17.4. These sheets are only weakly bonded. The ability of these sheets to slide over each other explains the lubricity of M02S, which is used as a high-pressure solid lubricant in metal working. 

In metal working, surfactants are used to emulsify lubricants for metal processing. To consider the losses from inadequate processing and finishing of metals would reduce the efficiency of manufacturing and under today s expectations of total quality management, the result would be unacceptable and so costly that it would grind to a halt. The cost of the loss of protection and replacement would add an unacceptable burden which would cripple the world economy. 

Zeman, A., Sprengel, A., Niedermeier, D., and Spath, M. 1995. Biodegradable Lubricants Studies on Thermo-Oxidation of Metal-Working and Hydraulic Fluids by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). Thermochim. Acta, 268, 9-15. 

Milk, oream, mayonnaise, butter, margarine, skin lotions, formulated cosmetics, pharmaceutical ointments, varnishes, paints and lubricants are among the most typical examples of emulsions. Also, emulsions are commonplace in a wide range of technologies and play a key role in materials processing, from metal working to textile finishing [31]. 

Use Flame-retardant, plasticizers, and lubricants in metal-working industries. 

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