Color depth

While concepts like hue and purity easily lend themselves to verbal description, major difficulties arise in any attempt to discuss color depth or depth of shade. The only way to deal with this concept (as with other aspects of color) is to create specimens having the properties discussed. For this reason, a collection of samples equal in color depth was prepared around 1935 so that the fastnesses of various dyes could be meaningfully tested [7]. Studies by Raabe and Koch [5] and by Schmelzer [6] suggest that equal difference (or distance) from white is an essential criterion in selecting specimens of equal color depth. Some color-depth levels are set apart as standard depths of shade (SD) [6]. These find use particularly in the preparation of specimens for fastness testing they permit a consistent way for the presentation of different colorants and describing their effectiveness under various service conditions. 

The color depth can be measured colorimetrically by the methods of Gall and Riedel [7] it is expressed in terms of the deviation from one of the standard depths of shade. In a modification of this system, proposed by Schmelzer [6], the color 

---

Physically or chemically modifying the surface of PET fiber is another route to diversified products. Hydrophilicity, moisture absorption, moisture transport, soil release, color depth, tactile aesthetics, and comfort all can be affected by surface modification. Examples iaclude coatiag the surface with multiple hydroxyl groups (40), creatiag surface pores and cavities by adding a gas or gas-forming additive to the polymer melt (41), roughening the surface... 

Particularly in the case of dyes with a limited degree of fixation the dyestuff content in the wasted water leads to intensively colored wastewater. As the reactive group of the unfixed dyestuff is hydrolyzed into an inactive form, a reuse is not possible. On the basis of an exhaust dyeing with 5% color depth, a liquor ratio of 1 10, and a degree of dyestuff fixation of 70-80% corresponding to 3.5-4 g/L of dye are fixed on the goods and 1.5-1 g/L of hydrolyzed dyes are released with the dyebath. 

For a dyestuff fixation of 70-80% and a color depth of 5% a concentration of 1.5-1 g/L hydrolyzed dye is expected in the wastewater, when 10 L of washing water is applied per 1 kg of goods. The emission of colored wastewater here can be divided into two different sources, the wastewater from the washing of the dyed material and the residual filling of the padder. 

The depth of color is determined as follows. The carbon black is rubbed with a binder (e.g., linseed-oil) to form a paste which is applied in a thick coat on a glass plate. A colorimeter is used to measure the diffuse reflection of light through the glass. The color depth and hue of the paste can be determined from the intensity and spectral distribution of the diffusely reflected light [4.32]. The color depth can also be determined by visual comparison of the paste with pastes of known blackness under very bright illumination. 

Gas blacks are used in various fineness grades (particle size 10- 27 nm), depending on the desired color depth of the paint film. Figure 62 illustrates the relationship between particle size and blackness. Oxidized furnace blacks with blackness extending into the lower HCC range (Table 31) have come on the market, but do not offer the same performance as gas blacks. 

Most of the carbon black used in the plastics industry is produced by the furnace black process (see Section 4.4.1). Fine furnace blacks often appear more bluish than coarse ones in incident light (full-tone tinting) but more brownish in transmitted light (transparent tinting) and in gray tints. By controlling the conditions of black manufacture, however, substantial shifts in hue can be achieved. Bluish carbon blacks are commonly preferred because of the impression of greater color depth. 

Figure 63. Color depth of two typical blacks in plastics (plotted to a visual scale).

Nacreous and interference pigments are used as colorants or part of color formulations for all applications where traditional pigments are used, but where additional color depth, brilliance, iridescence, color shift (flop), and other spectacular effects are desired [5.253]. Mica-based pigments dominate their combination of pearl and interference effects, brilliance, stability, and weather resistance is unsurpassed. Furthermore, they are non-toxic [5.221],... 

Early oxidation hair dyes were used in solution form these have been replaced by cream- or gel-based formulas. The oil-in-water emulsions commonly used can be supplemented with auxiliary ingredients, such as polymers to improve combing ability, as well as other conditioning additives. Extensive patent literature is available on this point [35], Gel formulations may be based on alcoholic solutions of nonionic surfactants or fatty acid alkanolamide solutions, which form a gel when mixed with the oxidant. The type (emulsion or gel) and the basic composition of the preparation strongly influence dyeing [47], Different base formulations with the same dye content yield varying color depths and shading due to the distribution of the dye between the different phases of the product, interaction with surfactants, and diffusion from the product into the hair. 

EMIGEN DPR-A is a dyestuff padding additive with properties that produce a better fabric appearance. The product also prevents "frosting" effects and increases selectively the color depth of disperse and pigment dyes. 

Settings Used to set color depth or screen size. Also contains the Advanced button, which leads to graphics driver and monitor configuration settings. 

Apart from being a popular filler for elastomeric materials, soot is an excellent black pigment. Several properties make it downright ideal for printing purposes it is light-fast and insoluble in almost any common solvent as well as it exhibits low particle size and great color depth and strength. Yet more than 90% of the... 

It can be observed from Fig. 7.3 that the requirement for peak memory bandwidth for NVidia GPUs has increased from 0.53 GB/s to 35.2 GB/s, or a factor of 66.7, in a period of 10 years beginning from 1994 (NVidia introduced its first GPU, NV1, in 1994). This momentum has to be continued with the adoption of advanced graphic features such as the 128-bit floating-point color depth and DVD quality real-time computer games. 

The mixture of tliese two types of light is what meets the eye, and the ratio of tliese two components affects tlie perceived deptli of color. The higher the ratio of specular reflection, tlien tlie less tlie apparent color depth. Additionally, any relatively large areas of specular reflection can generate visible points of light when oriented to reflect from point sources tliese cause the fibers or fabrics to glitter. 

Fig. 6 Fingerprint of the chemoenzymatic screening for improved activity (color depth) and selectivity (color change). DMB didocyldimethylammonium bromide [50]...

Table 19.5 Effect of chitosan treatment on color depth and washing fastness of direct dyed cotton fabric [93]...

Tones of dyed fabrics, composed of a color development,color brightness, and color depth are related to optical properties of fibers. The larger... 

Objective color measurement is based on tristimulus colorimetry. " This instrumental method measures tristimulus values of light transmitted by a sample and compares the results to the values transmitted by distilled water. The results can be recalculated to the platinum-cobalt scale referred to in the previous standards. The results can also be interpreted by normal methods of color measurement to yellowness index, color, color depth, etc. 

---