Eye irritation in rabbits

Limited information was presented in an abstract indicating that 1,3-DNB caused mild eye irritation in rabbits, whereas 1,3,5-TNB caused severe irritation no further details were provided (Desai et al. 1991). 

Dermal penetration of butane is not expected to any large extent, as skin contact would be transient because of volatility. n-Butane did not cause respiratory or eye irritation in rabbits, but it was mildly to moderately irritating to the skin. Liquefied butane may cause frostbite when applied directly to the skin. ... 

Unspecified signs of ocular irritation were observed in rats intermittently exposed to a high (5,000 mg/m ) dust concentration of decabromobiphenyl mixture for 4 weeks, but severity was not reported, and recovery was not assessed. Octabromobiphenyl and decabromobiphenyl mixtures caused mild eye irritation in rabbits when applied as a dry solid. Histopathological changes have not been observed in the eyes of rats or mice exposed orally to FireMaster FF-1 or FireMaster BP-6 in studies of acute, intermediate, or chronic duration. Xerophthalmia (extreme dryness of the conjunctiva) was reported in rats fed FireMaster BP-6 in an intermediate-duration study. Based on effects in animals, direct exposure to PBBs is likely to be irritating to human eyes. 

Dry nonionic and cationic material caused no skin and minimal eye irritation during primary irritation studies with rabbits. Dry anionic polyaciylamide did not produce any eye or skin irritation in Laboratory animals. Emulsion nonionic polyacrylamide produced severe eye irritation in rabbits, while anionic and cationic material produced minimal eye irritation in rabbits. Polyacrylamides arc used safely for numerous indirect food packaging applications, potable water, and direct food applications. 

Animal studies tend to confirm the dermal/ocular effects reported for humans. Bis(tributyltin)oxide is a severe irritant to the skin and an extreme eye irritant in rabbits (Sheldon 1975). By contrast, tributyltin fluoride and triphenyltin fluoride produced only minimal skin irritation but were also extreme eye irritants (Sheldon 1975). Other acute studies have likewise demonstrated the skin irritating potential of bis(tributyltin)oxide and triphenyltin acetate in rats (Klimmer 1969 Pelikan and Cerny 1968). 

Toxicity The acute oral toxicity of atrazine in rats is 2,850 mg/kg, and the acute dermal toxicity in rabbits is 7,550 mg/kg. The acute inhalation LC50 (1 hour) in rats is greater 167 mg/L. Atrazine did not cause any primary irritation in rabbits, although it caused eye irritation in rabbits.17 A carcinogenicity study of mice exposed to atrazine through diet (82 ppm) for 18 months is sketchy and requires more confirmatory data.23,24... 

Toxicity The acute oral LD50 for male and female rats is more than 10 g/kg. The acute oral LD50 for mice is 2,440 mg/kg. The acute dermal LD50 for rabbits is greater than 5 g/kg. Primary eye irritation in rabbits causes reversible corneal opacity, which is prevented by immediately washing the exposed eye. It is not... 

Toxicity Mancozeb is practically nontoxic via the oral route, with an acute oral LD50 of greater than 5,000 mg/kg to greater than 11,200 mg/kg in rats. The acute dermal LD50 is greater than 10,000 mg/kg in rats and greater than 5,000 mg/kg in rabbits. It is a mild skin irritant and sensitizer and a mild to moderate eye irritant in rabbits. Workers with occupational exposure to mancozeb have developed sensitization rashes.2,17,52... 

Toxicity Propoxur is highly toxic via the oral route. The acute oral LD50 is 50 mg/kg in rats and mice and 40 mg/kg for guinea pigs. Propoxur is only slightly toxic via the dermal route, with acute dermal LD50 of more than 5,000 mg/kg in rats. The acute LC50 for rats (4 hours) is more than 0.5 mg/L. Studies have shown that propoxur does not cause skin or eye irritation in rabbits. 

Rats and rabbits that had relatively large amounts of 4-nitrophenol applied to their skin for a day or less had skin irritation. Rats that had a small amount of 4-nitrophenol on their skin for a few months also had skin irritation. 4-Nitrophenol also caused eye irritation in rabbits when it was applied to the eye. It appears that exposure of animals to very small amounts of 2-nitrophenol or 4-nitrophenol by skin contact for many months does not lead to serious disease or death. We do not know whether breathing dusts of these chemicals or spilling them on your skin can cause birth defects, affect fertility, or cause cancer. More information on how 2-nitrophenol and 4-nitrophenol can affect health can be found in Chapter 2. 

HFC-134a also was shown to produce slight eye irritation in rabbits (Mercier 1990a). The chemical was administered as a gas, sprayed for either 5 or 15 seconds (sec) from a distance of 10 centimeters. 

Moderate skin and severe eye irritant in rabbits reproductive toxin in mice. Rat LClo 250 ppm h dermal LD50 1400 mg kg mouse oral LD50... 

Acute inhalation exposure may result in sensitization and asthma in humans. Dermal contact with MDI resulted in dermatitis and eczema in plant workers. Animal studies revealed skin and eye irritation in rabbits, extreme toxicity by inhalation and moderate toxicity by oral ingestion in rodents. 

Toluidine is an irritant primarily due to defatting. It is a mild skin irritant and moderate eye irritant in rabbits. Oral LD50S in rats are 450 mg kg for m-toluidine, 670 mg kg for o-toluidine, and... 

Vanillin is a weak dermal sensitizer in guinea pigs and mice. Treatment with vanillin caused eye irritation in rabbits. Rat LD50 values are 1580mgkg (oral), 1500 mg kg (subcutaneous), and 1160... 

Ocular administration of 1,1,1-trichloroethane caused only mild eye irritation in rabbits (Duprat et al. 1976 Krantz et al. 1959 Marzulli and Ruggles 1973 Torkelson et al. 1958). The study by Marzulli and Ruggles (1973) was a survey in which 10 laboratories conducted the Draize eye test in rabbits using 1,1,1-trichloroethane and reported little or no eye irritation. 

Eye irritation in rabbits on repeated instillation (Draize test). 

Although MTBE is not classified as an eye irritant [3], there have been small effects noted in several of the studies conducted [66-69]. Among three studies for eye irritation in rabbits conducted to OECD protocols, the balance of the evidence is that ETBE is not an eye irritant. In one study, some conjunctival redness and chemosis was recorded in all rabbits soon after ap-phcation of the undiluted material [70], but in two other studies in rabbits, conjunctival responses were minimal and no iridial or corneal effects were observed [71,72]. 

MB Research Laboratories (1988c) Test substance ethyl tertiary butyl ether eye irritation in rabbits. Unpublished study MB 88-9107 D for ARCO Chemical Company, PA... 

Sugai er al. (1990) used a quantitative SAR (QSAR) to analyze the correlation.s between chemical structure and eye irritation in rabbits. They claimed 86.3% accuracy in classifying substances with respect to eye irritation. Barratt (1997) described an eye irritation QSAR model for neutral organic compounds. Based on the perturbation of ion transport across the cell membrane being related to dipole moments of the causative substance, the model parameters chosen were log (octanol-water partition coefficient) and the inertial axes / , and (representing the cross-sectional area of the molecule). The results were stated to provide support for the validity of the QSAR model. However, it is hoped that product safety evaluation will not be based solely on QSAR (Ballantync, 1999a),... 

Benzyl alcohol is a low acute toxicant with a mild irritation effect on the skin. The irritation in 24 hours from the pure compound was mild on rabbit skin and moderate on pig skin. A dose of 750 pg produced severe eye irritation in rabbits. The toxicity of benzyl alcohol is of low order, the effects varying with the species. Oral intake of high concentrations of this compound produced behavioral effects in rats. The symptoms progressed from somnolence and excitement to coma. Intravenous administration in dogs produced ataxia, dyspnea, diarrhea, and hypermotility in the animals. 

PGE is a toxic compound exhibiting moderate irritant action and carcinogenicity in animals. Application of 0.25 mg resulted in severe eye irritation in rabbits, while 500 mg caused moderate skin irritation over a period of 24 hours. Prolonged or repeated contact can cause moderate irritation and skin sensitization in humans. 

Donna and coworkers (1986) conducted a 130-month study to test the carcinogenicity of atrazine in male Swiss albino mice. Intraperitoneal administration of a total dose of 0.26 mg/kg showed a statistically significant increase of plasma cell type and histiocytic type of lymphomas in the animals. lARC has listed atrazine as possibly carcinogenic to human (Group 2B Carcinogen) (lARC 1991). Lifetime administration of atrazine in rats caused mammary tumors. ERA has classified atrazine as a possible human carcinogen. It produced severe eye irritation in rabbit. Irritant action on skin is mild. 

Toxicity — low oral administration of f 1400 mg/kg in rats produced somnolence, ulceration, bleeding from stomach target organs liver, gastrointestinal tract mild irritant Skin and eye irritant 10 mg/24 hr caused mild irritation on rabbit skin toxic via skin absorption LD50 oral (rats) 2180 mg/kg Skin and eye irritant exposure to 500 mg/24 hr caused severe eye irritation in rabbits 100% in 24 h caused moderate skin irritation in guinea pigs... 

Mild irritant to skin and eyes, 500 mg/day led to mild skin and eye irritation in rabbit toxicity not reported... 

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