Eye irritants

Irritant Skin Sensitive Mild eye Irritant Inhalation, mg/m Oral, mg/kg... 

Propargyl alcohol is a primary skin irritant and a severe eye irritant and is toxic by all means of ingestion all necessary precautions must be taken to avoid contact with Hquid or vapors. The LD q is 0.07 mL/kg for white rats and 0.06 mL/kg for guinea pigs. 

Health and Safety Factors. Butyrolactone is neither a skin irritant nor a sensiti2er however, it is judged to be a severe eye irritant in white rabbits. The acute oral LD q is 1.5 ml,/kg for white rats or guinea pigs. Subacute oral feeding studies were carried out with rats and with dogs. At levels up... 

Even small spills and leaks (<0.45 kg) require extreme caution. Unless the spill is contained in a fume hood, do not remain in or enter the area unless equipped with full protective equipment and clothing. Self-contained breathing apparatus should be used if the odor of acrolein or eye irritation is sensed. Small spills may be covered with absorbant, treated with aqueous alkalies, and flushed with water. 

Acrylic polymers are considered to be nontoxic. In fact, the FDA allows certain acrylate polymers to be used in the packaging and handling of food. However, care must be exercised because additives or residual monomers present in various types of polymers can display toxicity. For example, some acryflc latex dispersions can be mild skin or eye irritants. This toxicity is usually ascribed to the surfactants in the latex and not to the polymer itself. 

The 2-cyanoacryhc esters have sharp, pungent odors and are lacrimators, even at very low concentrations. These esters can be irritating to the nose and throat at concentrations as low as 3 ppm eye irritation is observed at levels of 5 ppm (13). The TLV for methyl 2-cyanoacrylate is 2 ppm and the short-term exposure limit is 4 ppm (14). Good ventilation when using the adhesives is essential. 

At high enough concentrations, PAN is a potent eye irritant and phytotoxin. On a smoggy day in the Los Angeles area, PAN concentrations are typically 5 to 10 ppb in the rest of the United States PAN concentrations are generally a fraction of a ppb. An important formation route for formaldehyde [50-00-0] HCHO, is reaction 9. However, o2onolysis of olefinic compounds and some other reactions of VOCs can produce HCHO and other aldehydes. 

Material Acute oral LD q tats, s/V Eye irritation, rabbits Primary skin irritation, rabbits... 

Formaldehyde causes eye, upper respiratory tract, and skin irritation and is a skin sensitizer. Although sensory irritation, eg, eye irritation, has been reported at concentrations as low as 0.1 ppm in uncontrolled studies, significant eye/nose/throat irritation does not generally occur until concentrations of 1 ppm, based on controlled human chamber studies. Odor detection has commonly been reported to occur in the range of 0.06—0.5 ppm (133—135). 

Safety. Shampoos generally do not represent a hazard with regard to skin and eye safety once used, shampoos are almost immediately rinsed and have Httie contact time on sensitive areas. To assure this safety, provisions to test the finished product for skin and eye irritation should be made. 

In humans, cases of dermatitis have been described after contact with DHBs. Combined exposure to hydroquinone and quinone airborne concentrations causes eye irritation, sensitivity to light, injury of the corneal epithelium, and visual disturbances (126). Cases with an appreciable loss of vision have occurred (127). Long-term exposure causes staining due to irritation or allergy of the conjunctiva and cornea and also opacities. Resorcinol and catechol are also irritants for eyes. 

Urea—formaldehyde use has been greatly restricted because of free formaldehyde (qv) emissions which can cause eye irritation and in some cases serious illness. Some attempts at developing formaldehyde-free urea-based materials are ongoing. 

Since diketene is a strong eye irritant even at low levels, it has a strong warning effect. Diketene becomes unbearable before acute toxic levels are reached. Due to the risk of delayed lung edema, a physician should be consulted and the patient monitored carefully after exposure. 

It is a skin and severe eye irritant. It is combustible when exposed to heat or flame. As discussed above, contamination with bases should be avoided where the material is to be handled at high temperature and high concentration because of the potential decomposition hazard. 

Fumaric Acid. Fumaric acid is used to acidify beverages for human consumption and has many iadustrial uses. Its acidic properties can cause skin and eye irritation. Fumaric acid combusts when exposed to heat or flame and can react vigorously with oxidizing agents. 

Because naphthalene vapors can cause eye irritation at concentrations of 15 ppm in air and because continued exposure may result in adverse effects to the eye, a threshold limit value of 10 ppm (50 mg/m ) has been set by the ACGIH (45). This amount is about 30% of the air-saturation value at 27°C. 

Toxicology. The nitroparaffins have minimal effects by way of actual contact. There were neither systemic effects nor irritation in dermal studies in rabbits. Human exposure of a prolonged or often-repeated nature has led to low grade irritation attributable to removal of oil from the skin, an effect produced by most organic solvents. Eye irritation potential of all four nitroparaffins has been deterrnined in rabbits. Other than a transient slight redness and some lachrymation, no effects were noted. The average Draize score was 0.0. The acute oral toxicity, LD q, of all four nitroparaffins has been deterrnined in the rat (Table 8). 

Health and Safety Factors. Isophthahc acid has a low order of toxicity. Inhalation by rats for 4 h at 11.4 g/m showed no toxicity. The LD -level for rats is high at 10.4 g/kg (96). As with terephthahc acid, isophthahc acid was found to form urinary tract calcuh in rats in 90 d when it constituted 3% of their diet. This led to some cancer owing to the presence of the calcuh. Some mild eye irritation is possible, so eye protection should be worn. Otherwise, normal precautions used in handling industrial chemicals should be observed with isophthahc acid. 

Poly(tetramethylene ether) glycols were found to have low oral toxicity in animal tests. The approximate lethal oral dose, LD q, for Terathane 1000 has been found to be greater than 11,000 mg/kg (272). No adverse effects on inhalation have been observed. The polymer glycols are mild skin and eye irritants, and contact with skin, eyes, and clothing should be avoided. Goggles and gloves are recommended. In case of contact with the skin, wash thoroughly with water and soap. If swallowed, no specific intervention is indicated, because the compounds are not hazardous. However, a physician should be consulted (260). 

Eye Irritation. Exposure of the eye to undiluted alkan olamines can cause serious injury. Solutions as dilute as 1% of monoethan olamine and monoisopropan olamine can cause some eye irritation. 

Activated alumina is a relatively innocuous material from a health and safety standpoint. It is nonflammable and nontoxic. Fine dusts can cause eye irritation and there is some record of lung damage because of inhalation of activated alumina dust mixed with siUca [7631-86-9] and iron oxide [1317-61 -9] (30). Normal precautions associated with handling of nuisance dusts should be taken. Activated alumina is normally shipped in moisture-proof containers (bags, dmms, sling bins) because of its strong desiccating action. 

AHphatic amine oxides such as alkyl dimethyl amine oxides and aLkylbis(2-hydroxylethyl)amiae oxides range from practically nontoxic to slightly toxic (79). Reported LD qS range from 1.77 g/kg to 6.50 g/kg. The commercial concentrated products are primary skin and eye irritants. At concentrations of 2%, these products may be considered as nonirritating to the skin or eye. 

Skin and Eye Irritation. Fatty alkylamines are generally considered to be irritating to both the skin and eyes (83). The severity or degree of irritation is usually dependent on the type of alkylamine, concentration of the chemical, time of exposure to the chemical, and sensitivity to the chemical. A small percentage of the population who come into contact with fatty amines may develop a skin hypersensitivity to certain amines and diamines. 

Health and Safety Factors. Results of acute oral toxicity studies of 2-pyrrohdinone on white rats and guinea pigs show the LD q to be 6.5 ml,/kg. Skin patch tests on 200 human subjects indicate that 2-pyrrohdinone is a skin kritant, but there is no indication of sensitising action. It is a mild eye irritant (79). 

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