Tributyltin oxide

For binder preparation, dilute hydrochloric or acetic acids are preferred, because these faciUtate formation of stable silanol condensation products. When more complete condensation or gelation is preferred, a wider range of catalysts, including moderately basic ones, is employed. These materials, which are often called hardeners or accelerators, include aqueous ammonia, ammonium carbonate, triethanolamine, calcium hydroxide, magnesium oxide, dicyclohexylamine, alcohoHc ammonium acetate, and tributyltin oxide (11,12). 

Detection and result The chromatogram was freed from mobile phase (heated to 110°C for 30 min) and then exposed to bromine vapor for 1 h in a chamber, after blowing off excess bromine from the layer it was immersed for 1 s in the reagent solution. On drying in air dibutyltin dilaurate hRf 25 — 30), dibutyltin dichloride (kR( 25 — 30), dioctyltin oxide (hR( 40), tributyltin oxide (hRf 80), tributyltin chloride (hRf 80) and tetrabutyltin (hRf 85-90) produced persistent blue zones on a yellow ochre background (Fig. 1). 

Fig. 1 Chromatogram of organotin compounds. Dibutyltin dilaurate (1), dibutyltin dichloride (2), dioctyltin oxide (3), tributyltin oxide (4), tributyltin chloride (5), tetrabutyltin (6).

Bis(tributyltin) oxide is known to break down to inorganic tin under UV irradiation in laboratory conditions (509, 510), and the decomposition may be accelerated by absorbing the organotin compound on a cel-lulosic matrix (511). As bis(tributyltin) oxide is known to react rapidly with carbon dioxide (atmospheric, or trapped in various cellulosic materials, such as cotton or wood) (512), to form bis(tributyltin) carbonate, (BusSnO)2CO, the observed UV degradation pattern may be rationalized in terms of more-ready breakdown of the carbonate than of the oxide, due to the presence of the carbonyl chromophore. The half-life of bis(tributyltin) oxide in pond water has recently been given as 16 days (513). Diorganotin compounds have also been shown to decompose to inorganic tin under UV irradiation (514, 515). 

Scheme 2. Proposed reaction between bis(tributyltin)oxide and cellulose ( 30, 532).

Recently, there has been much interest in developing water-soluble tributyltin biocides to lessen the costs of application, and to prevent fire hazards when treating material in confined spaces. Bis(tributyltin) oxide itself has a very low aqueous solubility ( 0.001%), but it may be made water-dispersible by the addition of certain (534, 535) quaternary ammonium salts. Formulations of this type, although currently under development as wood preservatives (534), have been used extensively in the United Kingdom for the treatment of stonework to eradicate fungal growths, algae, mosses, and lichens (535). 

Poller (498, 544) prepared a number of tributyl- and triphenyl-stan-nyl esters of sucrose hydrogenphthalate and succinate, and found that, as potential antifoulants, these were at least three times as effective against the marine alga, Enteromorpka, as bis(tributyltin) oxide, even though they contain almost one third the tin (see Table VIII). A new antifouling paint that also contains tributyltin compounds has recently been developed in Norway (545). 

IPOS (1999b) Tributyltin oxide. Geneva, World Health Organization, International Programme on Chemical Safety (Concise International Chemical Assessment Document 14). 

Tribromophenol and other simple brominated phenols (No. 66, 2005) Tributyltin oxide (No. 14, 1999)... 

The most important of the compounds from an ecotoxicological point of view, and the one that will be used here as an example, is tributyltin oxide (TBTO). Its structure is shown in Figure 8.5. 

Tributyltin chloride la 399,400 Tributyltin methoxide lb 319 Tributyltin oxide la 399,400 Tricarboxylic acids la 248,249 Trichloroacetic acid la 45 -, reagent la 372,420... 

Litz [2] PCDDs, PCDFs, AOX, PCBs, PAHs, LAS, nonylphenol, tributyltin oxides, DEHP Risk assessment were conducted in this study, concentrations were not addressed Sewage sludge... 

Duhamel et al. [118] investigated the behaviour of this (tributyltin) oxide and tributyltin chloride in saline water. The effects of salinity, pH, light, and oxygen were investigated. Debutylation due to the formation of insoluble compounds occurred under saline conditions. 

Surface disinfectants Compounds containing phenolics, chlorhexidine (not effective against bacteria spores), quaternary ammonium salts (additional activity if bis-n-tributyltin oxide present), hypochlorites such as household bleach, alcohols such as 70-95% ethanol and isopropyl (not effective against bacteria spores), potassium peroxymonosulfate, hydrogen peroxide, iodine/iodophores, and triclosan. 

Tributyltin oxide and its metabolites were determined in urine after conversion to chlorides with HC1, extraction with ether containing tropolone (1), conversion to hydrides with NaBFLt, extraction with hexane and GC-AAS end-analysis LOD 1 pg/L for BuSnFL and Bu2SnH2, and 2 pg/L for Bu3SnH87b. 

The biopolymeric phenolic material derived from spent bleach liquour was caracterized by derivatizing with bis(tributyltin) oxide followed by 119Sn NMR104. 

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