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Most of these methods have been widely reviewed in previous literature [38]... 

Cite highlights from previous literature on use of quantitative methods already widely used by R D management... 

The results of the experiments we carried out and the comparison with the data arising from homogeneous oxidation chemistry allow us to propose and generalize the following conclusions that in part contrast previous literature findings ... 

It appeared that, we needed to limit or omit the ethyl iodide if we were going to operate the ethylene carbonylation in ionic liquids. Unfortunately, the previous literature indicated that EtI or HI (which are interconvertible) represented a critical catalyst component. Therefore, it was surprising when we found that, in iodide based ionic liquids, the Rh catalyzed carbonylation of ethylene to propionic acid was still operable at acceptable rates in the absence of ethyl iodide, as shown in Table 37.2. Further, we not only achieved acceptable rates when omitting the ethyl iodide, we also achieved the desired reduction in the levels of ethyl propionate. More importantly, when the reaction products were analyzed, there was no detectable ethyl iodide formed in situ. However, we should note that we now observed traces of ethanol which were normally undetectable in the earlier Ed containing experiments. 

Though previous literature suggests several prevention strategies, a combination of efforts may be more advisable. Alteration in sexual behavior should undoubtedly be the first counseling concern, as promiscuous sexual activity has been shown to augment the probability of infection. 

It is worth noting that the phase of g Da ESk ) is not equal to that of (g Db ESk ) even in the above limit, a point that was the source of confusion in the previous literature [40]. It is only upon integration over scattering angles that interference among different partial waves is eliminated (see Section IVA), and an observed phase implies interference within a partial wave. Hence angle-resolved measurements may observe a nonzero phase regardless of the nature of the continuum. 

In this paper, we have answered the fundamental question of determining how many independent experimental measurements (or theoretical conditions) are needed to fix a projector. Conflicts which appear in the previous literature treating this question, and that we have simply noted earlier [15], have here been resolved. In particular, we have explained how to properly interpret the K-formulae in [1-3]. 

In a second paper from Kirillov et al., synthetic aspects of liquid phase precipitation reactions are discussed in relation to the factors responsible for metal-oxide formation. In particular the Pechini reaction, a sol-gel process, was examined. A good reference section is provided to introduce the reader to previous literature. The authors stress that more work needs to be done to establish what factors are important for producing the highest quality metal-oxide powders from such reactions. The conclusion specifically lists the criteria needed in order to accomplish this task. 

Organic sulfur compounds are present in gasoline and diesel. With the increased emphasis on the requirement for more environmentally friendly transportation fuels [1], oxidative desulfurization, using H202 and redox-molecular sieves [2,5,6,7], has been studied and shown to significantly reduce the sulfur content of gasoline and diesel. The reaction of thiophene and its derivatives were successfully converted to oxidized compounds, but the identification of oxidized compounds was not simple because the concentrations of individual sulfur compounds were low. Most of the previous literature has reported sulfone formation. 

More recently on-line pyrolysis with HMDS has been performed successfully even if the pyrolysis interface was kept at 250°C. In fact, Domenech-Carbo and colleagues [57,58] have obtained very good results on a variety of art materials and on real paint samples as well. They have applied Py-GC/MS with on-line trimethylsilylation to the characterization of diterpenoid resins and, in contrast to previous literature data, the derivatization method enabled not only the identification of resinous carboxylic acids in the form of TMS esters, but also an efficient conversion of hydroxyl groups to TMS ethers. 

The previous literature on the effects of partial covalence on interatomic distances is contradictory. Pauling (1960) cites the examples of CuF, BeO, AIN, and SiC where observed bond lengths are shorter than the sum of the covalent radii. He attributes these differences to partial ionic character and thus implies that partial ionic character shortens covalent bonds. This conclusion is in accord with the Schoemaker— Stevenson (1941) rule Dab = a + pb—C nx— b where > interatomic distance between A and B, rx and r = covalent radii of A and B, a and xb = electronegativity of A and B and C = constant. 

From this perspective one realizes that most previous literature data were greatly impacted by the Knackmuss reinvestigation, the results of which are summarized in a review [73AG(E) 139]. The only correct structure of an azaquinone previously reported appears to be that of compound 4c, which could not undergo dimerization due to its substitution pattern. A more recent report claims that oxidation of 2-pyridone with dibenzoyl peroxide in chloroform gave 50% of 3-benzyloxy-2-pyridone 13 and 40% of azaquinone 1 (Scheme 3) [85IJC(B)972]. 

Anatomical changes can alter luminal flow into a surgically prepared blind loop, a diverticulum, or through a fistula. These anatomical abnormalities of relevance for the development of bacterial overgrowth have been carefully defined in previous literature [2, 7,98]. 

The required analysis involves higher cumulants and has been carried out in Ref. (T. Bhattacharya et.al., 2000 2003). (Ref. (T. Bhattacharya et.al., 2000 2003) also points to previous literature.) It turns out that the distribution will be localized provided... 

Polysilane(II) was prepared by the method described in the previous literature(25). Polysilane(III)s were prepared by reacting polysilane(II) with carboxylic acid anhydrides in THF catalyzed by triethylamine at 20-50OC(Table 2)(26). Polysiloxane(I) was synthesized as follows. To 3.3g of NaOH in 40mL of water, lOg of M-... 

The second group of citations identifies compilations of numerical data. Additional specialized tables can also be found in some of the references listed in the third and fourth groups. References (13) and (14) are the last two volumes of a four volume compilation of properties of mixtures prepared by J. Timmermans. They contain a large compilation of various properties of aqueous solutions collected from all the previous literature. They are neither complete nor selective, however. 

The explosive phenomena produced by contact of liquefied gases with water were studied. Chlorodifluoromethane produced explosions when the liquid-water temperature differential exceeded 92°C, and propene did so at differentials of 96-109°C. Liquid propane did, but ethylene did not, produce explosions under the conditions studied [1], The previous literature on superheated vapour explosions has been critically reviewed, and new experimental work shows the phenomenon to be more widespread than had been thought previously. The explosions may be quite violent, and mixtures of liquefied gases may produce overpressures above 7 bar [2], Alternative explanations involve detonation driven by phase changes [3,4] and do not involve chemical reactions. Explosive phase transitions from superheated liquid to vapour have also been induced in chlorodifluoromethane by 1.0 J pulsed ruby laser irradiation. Metastable superheated states (of 25°C) achieved lasted some 50 ms, the expected detonation pressure being 4-5 bar [5], See LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS, SUPERHEATED LIQUIDS, VAPOUR EXPLOSIONS... 

Previous literature on formation of various types of copper acetylides is discussed and the mechanism of their formation is examined, with experimental detail. Whenever a copper or copper-rich alloy is likely to come into contact with atmospheres containing [1] ammonia, water vapour and acetylene, or [2] lime-sludge, water vapour and acetylene, or a combination of these two, there is the probability of acetylide formation and danger of explosion. The action is aided by the presence... 

Owing to the relatively good crystallinity and the large number of OOZ reflections observed for the hydro calumite derivative, the electron density distribution along the c axis can be estimated using a series of OOZ reflections, in accordance with previous literature [82,83]. One-dimensional electron density calculations based on X-ray diffraction are often carried out to probe the structure of the intercalated species in two-dimensional inorganic hosts [33,84-86]. This yields specific information about the orientation and structure of the intercalated species or at least ehminates certain conformational possibihties, which are incompatible with the diffraction data. In LDH systems, however, such calciflations are usually impossible because the X-ray diffraction patterns of hybrid materials are often very ill defined [87,88]. 

Dunham [5] derived these expressions Y ((t)e,Be,a0, necessarily manually, through a JBKW procedure, which he claimed to make more general [4] than what had appeared in previous literature. Dunham reported expressions F containing coefficients aj up to a, and Sandeman [19] and Woolley [20] extended manually these results according to a roughly analogous procedure. Kilpatrick [21] applied perturbation theory in successive orders to derive expressions for 1, and Bouanich [22] applied Rayleigh-Ritz perturbation theory for solution of... 

A recent example, with references to previous literature, is in nickel(II) template synthesis of macrotricyclic complexes from formaldehyde and triamines, M. P. Suh, W. Shin, S.-G. Kang, M. S. Lah and T.-M. Chung, Inorg. Chem. 28, 1602 (1989). 

One of the most heavily studied factors thought to influence cathode performance has been the issue of reactivity between the electrode material and the electrolyte (usually YSZ) to form insulating secondary phases. This subject is sufficiently broad and complex to warrant its own review, and readers having a detailed interest in this topic are encouraged to read previous literature reviews in papers by Kawada and Mitterdorfer. Our main focus here is on how these secondary phases (or other impurities) appear to retard the reaction, particularly electrochemical kinetic processes occurring at the interface. 

Because of the inherently non-equilibrium nature of the production route, the first question which needed to be answered was whether the phases present in the alloy were in fact stable, so that equilibrium calculations could actually be used to design these alloys. To this end CALPHAD calculations were combined with a detailed experimental characterisation of a Fe7oCrigMo2B o alloy (Kim et al. 1990, Pan 1992). The TEM and XRD results confirmed earlier work (Xu et al. 1985) which stated that an orthorhombic boride M2B was present and its composition was Cr-rich. However, they also showed that a proportion of the borides ( 10%) were Mo-rich and that the Fe-based matrix was martensitic. The latter result was particularly surprising because of the high level (20at%) of a-ferrite stabilisers Cr and Mo. Furthermore, initial analysis of difiiaction patterns from the TEM work indicated that the shuctuie of the Mo-rich boride was a tetragonal type whose structure had not been reported in previous literature (Kim and Cantor 1988). 

Selection of Oxides. At Amoco, previous studies in the literature on SO2 removal from flue gas have been used to guide the selection of oxides for the UltraCat process but they have been of limited direct usefulness. This was true because of the peculiar requirements of the UltraCat process of high adsorption temperature, low regeneration temperature, and non-interference with the cracking reactions. The previous literature studies generally assumed that SO2 would be adsorbed at temperatures close to a stack gas temperature of 600 E, and desorb at either the same temperature or higher. The conditions of these studies was set. 

Similar experiments were performed for NO they indicated that NO does not adsorb appreciably on the catalyst surface, in line with previous literature indications. 

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