Explosion phenomena described

Linnett and various co-workers [57, 58] also observed oscillatory glow, somewhat intermittently, in their studies of the reaction with extensively-dried reactants (see above) in vessels with untreated surfaces. These authors unfortunately used the phrase multiple explosions to describe the phenomenon which they observed only by eye. Later, meticulous work exploiting instrumental monitoring of the reaction by Bond et al. [59, 60] revealed that the ignition limit reported by the Linnett group on the basis of a detectable emission actually corresponds to the limit for steady glow. 

A very unusual explosion phenomenon was described by Kondo, Fujiwara, and Muroya (359), who heated a silica gel, containing about 500 ppm of adsorbed sodium ions, rather rapidly to 800-1000 C. The gel initially shrank so that pores closed, and then suddenly exploded or expanded, much as popcorn does and for the same reason. The original gel had a BET area of 700 m g , a pore volume of 0.40 cm g , and a water content of about 6% bound as surface SiOH groups. With the right amount of sodium adsorbed on the silica surface, the gel granules become sealed off at around 800 C, before all the water has evolved and the mass acts as an extremely viscous liquid which then foams up with the internal pressure of the liberated steam. With too little sodium, the viscosity is too high and an impervious skin is not formed. With too much sodium the viscosity is too low and the steam escapes before pressure can build up. 

The first reports of the observation of transient emission and enhanced absorption signals in the H-n.m.r. spectra of solutions in which radical reactions were taking place appeared in 1967. The importance of the phenomenon, named Chemically Induced Dynamic Nuclear Spin Polarization (CIDNP), in radical chemistry was quickly recognized. Since that time, an explosive growth in the number of publications on the subject has occurred and CIDNP has been detected in H, C, N, and P as well as H-n.m.r. spectra. Nevertheless, the number of groups engaged in research in this area is comparatively small. This may be a consequence of the apparent complexity of the subject. It is the purpose of this review to describe in a quahtative way the origin of CIDNP and to survey the published applications of the phenomenon in... 

Dunkle (Ref 17) reviews the literature on luminosity and radiation from 1958 to I960 incl. Some of these papers describe detn of temperature developed on detonation, others deal with plasma phenomena [See also under Detonation (and Explosion), Temperature Developed on and also under Detonation and Plasma Phenomenon]... 

BLEVE (Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosion) See Boilover the same phenomenon may occur in a pressurized container, resulting in an explosion or bursting of the tank or vessel in which a fire is occurring. The term is almost exclusively used to describe a disastrous effect from a crude oil fire. 

Carry-Over Effect. Under certain conditions, the passage of a detonation wave across the interface of two different explosives may cause the first expl to overdrive the second expl such that its pressure deton velocity are higher than normal for a certain distance until a steady state rate is reached. This phenomenon is called the "carry -over effect and is discussed in detail by Pike Weir (Ref 6). It is related to detonation by influence previously described by several investigators (Refs 1 to 5)... 

The explosive character of the photoinduced solid-state chlorination reaction of MCH was first described in ref. 31, the phenomenon being interpreted on the assumption of a decrease in the chain-growth activation energy due to the thermoelastic stresses induced in the sample. A possible role of brittle fracture was not considered in that case. However, it would be of interest also to take account of that effect under the conditions used in ref. 31, the more so in that the evaluated values of stresses required to reduce the activation energy markedly are far above the thresholds of brittle fracture of the corresponding matrices (for details, see Section XII). 

The prevalence of alternative medicine use in the United States is steadily increasing. One may even describe the phenomenon as an explosion. A landmark survey published in 1993 estimated that 33.8% of Americans used one type of alternative therapy. " A follow-up survey released in 1997 reported that... 

T. Urbanski in 1926 [20] described the phenomenon currently known as channel effect (VoL lit, pp, 435-436). He found that several ammonium nitrate explosives in a steel tube produce a shock wave which moves at a velocity higher than the detonation wave. Tlirs is summarized in Table 84,... 

Detonation as a phenomenon of nature is a comparatively recent scientific discovery. First observed in mercury fulminate in the late eighteenth century, it was only described in detail and defined during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. It was also during the second half of the nineteenth century that most solid, high explosives were discovered as the most powerful known sources of chemical energy, they rapidly found their place among substances of technological interest. 

As described in our Vol. 1 (Buzzi-Ferraris and Manenti, 2010a), numerically describing a real phenomenon, it should not involve explosive or chaotic behaviors. In other words, it should be characterized by stable conditions. For example, it is well known that it is not possible to mathematically describe oscillations of a double pendulum when the oscillations are very wide. 

Above reaction usually occurs under following conditions, e.g., unsealed explosive device, no booster, incomplete detonation reaction, such reaction may produce half-burst phenomenon and release a large amount of N2O. The reaction of nitroglycerine without any condition above can be described as follows ... 

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