Engineering safely

ENGINEERING, Safe Operation Limits of the RBMK-1000 Reactor FaciUty, Rep. 040-Ot-5598, NIKIET, Moscow (2000) (in Russian). 

Houmb, S.H., Sallhammar, K. Modelling System Integrity of a Security Critical System Using Colored Petri Nets. In Proceedings of Safety and Security Engineering (SAFE 2005), Rome, Italy, pp. 3-12. WIT Press (2005)... 

An accurate and clear description of these lequiiemenls should be written before the start of the next stages of the project. This description should be understandable to all regulator and licensee experts eoneemed proeess engineers, safely engineers, computer system engineers and plant engineers. 

Engineered safely equipment is preferred over the reliance on personal protective equipment, and the fume hood is one such engineered safety device that is nearly ubiquitous in laboratories. Laboratories concerned with biological specimens (microbes, spores) also commonly are equipped with biological safety cabinets. The following section provides basic information on the function and application of these devices. The purpose here is not to provide design or installation instructions, since most users will find this equipment already installed in their work spaces. Rather, this information is to allow optimal use to be made of the installation that is preexisting. 

Gene therapy will offer the possibility of transitory production of human or humanized OP-degrading enzymes in the body. However, the road to gene therapy is still long. Regardless of ethical issues, further works are needed to engineer safe vectors that do not produce toxic viral proteins and/or induce immune response. 

NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration). 2001. The Safe Affordable Fission Engine (SAFE) Test Series. Available online at . 

In conjunction with the production operations input into the FDP describing how the process will be operated, maintenance engineering will outline how the equipment will be maintained. Maintenance is required to ensure that equipment is capable of safely performing the tasks for which it was designed. This is often stated as maintaining the technical integrity of the equipment. 

The mechanical performance of equipment is likely to deteriorate with use due to wear, corrosion, erosion, vibration, contamination and fracture, which may lead to failure. Since this would threaten a typical production objective of meeting quality and quantity specifications, maintenance engineering provide a service which helps to safely achieve the production objective. 

S. E. Housh and J. S. Waltrip, Safe Handling of Magnesium Alloys, paper no. 900786, Society of Automotive Engineers, Detroit, Mich., 1990. 

Monitoring by Electromechanical Instrumentation. According to basic engineering principles, no process can be conducted safely and effectively unless instantaneous information is available about its conditions. AH sterilizers are equipped with gauges, sensors (qv), and timers for the measurement of the various critical process parameters. More and more sterilizers are equipped with computerized control to eliminate the possibiUty of human error. However, electromechanical instmmentation is subject to random breakdowns or drifts from caUbrated settings and requires regular preventive maintenance procedures. 

The introdrrction to the code sets forth engineering reqrrirements deemed necessary for the safe design and constrrrction of piping systems. While safety is the basic consideration of the code, this factor alone will not necessarily govern final specifications for any pressrrre piping system. 

Code Administration The American Society of Mechanical Engineers has written the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, which contains rirles for the design, fabrication, and inspection of boilers and pressure vessels. The ASME Code is an American National Standard. Most states in the United States and all Canadian provinces have passed legislation which makes the ASME Code or certain parts of it their legal requirement. Orrly a few jurisdictions have adopted the code for all vessels. The others apply it to certain types of vessels or to boilers. States employ inspectors (usually under a chief boiler inspector) to enforce code provisions. The authorities also depend a great deal on insurance company inspectors to see that boilers and pressure vessels are maintained in a safe condition. 

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