Laboratories independent

The second requirement is that enforcement methods for food must be validated by an independent laboratory [independent laboratory validation (ILV)]. The sample set is identical with the general sample set (see Section 4.1). If the method is identical for all four crop groups (mentioned at the beginning of the section), it may be sufficient to perform the ILV for plant materials with a minimum of two matrices, one of them with a high water content. In the case of food of animal origin, the ILV should be performed with at least two of the matrices milk, egg, meat, and, if appropriate, fat. 

A substantial impetus for improvements in analytical quality control within individual laboratories comes from participation in round-robin exercises in which participating laboratories independently analyze samples of a particular test material for specified analytes. It is important... 

In one prominent example such an unexpected reaction product was observed in three research laboratories independently. During attempts to synthesize a library of Ugi-type four-component products using various isonitriles, aldehydes, acids and amines the reaction did not gave the desired Ugi-type four-component reaction product when amino pyridine-like starting materials were used as the amine component. In the case of such 2-amino pyridine-type amines the clean formation of... 

It is less than eight years since the first reports on this subject have appeared. At that time, four groups almost simultaneously published findings on both A1 and A6-THC, Nilsson et al. (3), Wall et al. (4) Foltz et al. (5) and Burstein et al. (6). All four laboratories independently showed-that the 7 position was hydroxylated in both A1 and A6-THC (Figure 1). 

This work was supported in part by the National Science Foundation under grant CHE89-22048 and by the In-House Laboratories Independent Research program of the United States Army. We thank Drs. G. Ford, I. Hillier, A. Klamt, M. Newton, J. Urban, and A. Warshel for their gracious assistance in providing thoughtful criticism and suggesting improvements. 

The test procedure shall represent the real world operation of slow heat release appliances burning wood and take into account the transient parameters of a batch wise burning combustion process. It shall fulfill typical test laboratory requirements such as reproducibility of the results, laboratory independence, measuring accuracy and simple test procedures. The test procedure shall support the wood appliance industry for their high quality products and should have a good relation of price and performance. The test procedure shall refer as much as possible to existing international (ISO) and European (CEN, Austrian standards) test standards. 

Based on the experimental work, a first draft was worked out for a new test method to determine heat output, efficiency and emissions of slow heat release appliances. The requirements as defined in chapter 2 such as accuracy, repeatability, laboratory independence and good price/performance relation were considered. 

Normal reference values differ by as much as 35% between commercial methods. Therefore a generic reference interval can no longer be stated. Many of the commercially available methods appear to underestimate the true value of serum iron concentration by 25% or more, and some appear to be unreliable at concentrations of serum iron less than 30pg/dL (Spmol/L). Methods that include deprotein-ization, either by precipitation or by dialysis, consistently appear to provide results that are substantially higher than those results obtained by methods that do not include a step of deproteinization. From a practical standpoint, if an automated commercial method is used, it is advised that a laboratory independently define its own reference intervals. 

Equation (25) shows that the dual PMT detection scheme eliminates the experimental dependence from the measurements and can be used in combination with standard reference materials to provide instrument and laboratory independent measurements. The ratio p can be adjusted so that the SNR of the normalized counts is proportional to the emission SNR. 

Although the police investigation collected enough evidence to prove that sarin was used by AUM Shinrikyo terrorists in Tokyo, the final scientific proof came this summer, when two laboratories independently determined sarin metabolites in blood and urine samples drawn from Tokyo subway attack victims. The Holland group of investigators liberated them from plasma butyrylcholineste-rases [14], while the Japanese group used urine instead [30],... 

The 35-48-keV resonance of Te was first observed in two laboratories independently [40,41]. The transition is from the first excited state (/ = +) to the ground state (7 = J-l-) and in many respects shows similarities to the Sn resonance. The multipolarity of the radiation is almost pure Ml. The excited-state half-life [42] of 1-535(81) x 10" s gives a natural linewidth of... 

The test equipment of crystal type of gas hydrates consists of a laser Raman spectrometer, gas supply system, jacketed cooling type high-pressure visual cell, temperature control system, data acquisition and other parts. The experiment using a laser Raman spectrometer for the JY Co. in French produced Lab RAM HR-800 type visible confocal Raman microscope spectrometer. Laboratory independently designed a cooled jacket visible in situ high-pressure reactor, reactor with sapphire window to ensure full transparency of laser, and high pressure performance, visual reactor effective volume 3 ml, compression 20 MPa effective volume, to achieve characteristics of gas hydrate non-destructive and accurate measurement. The schematic representation of equipment is shown in Eigure 1. 

AMPs were first identified in several different laboratories independently in 1992, ° " ° following predictions of their existence and their proposed general (physical, nonreceptor-mediated) mechanism of pathogen-killing action... 

All the pieces of the formulas of both oxytocin and vasopressin fell into place when, in 1953, several laboratories independently published the complete amino acid sequence of both these hormones. It thus became obvious that each of them contained a 20-member disulfide ring and tripeptide side chain. Oxytocins obtained from man, beef, hog, horse, sheep, and... 

Allen test for progesterone aided in the search for the hormone, and in 1934 four laboratories independently isolated progesterone (LXXIV, A -pregnene-3,20-dione) from the corpus luteum. Its structure was quickly elucidated. Progesterone has also been isolated from ox adrenals, - human placenta, - and hog testis. ... 

The primary aim of interpretive criteria is to allow the determination of clinical resistance and, therefore, facilitate an interpretation of susceptibility measures in terms that can be validly applied to predicting the outcome of a particular therapy. The most effective way this can be achieved is by setting protocol-specific but laboratory-independent clinical CB. 

As noted above there will be an inevitable loss of precision associated with universal, laboratory-independent interpretive criteria. Ultimately, the decision as to whether the advantages of universality outweigh the disadvantage of this loss of precision will be made by those who use the interpretive criteria. It is probable that, in making that decision, they will be influenced by the frequency with which they encounter strains with low-level but clinically signiflcant resistance. Any imprecision in interpretive criteria renders detection of such strains unreliable. Luckily, the decision as to whether universal or laboratory-specific values are the most appropriate goal can be postponed. Much of the work needed to achieve either is the same, and possession of the data produced by that work will enable making the correct choice much easier. 

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