Small cars

Current research on fuel cells is directed toward the replacement of the internal combustion engine. To do this, hydrogen must be stored in the vehicle and replenished from time to time at filling stations. Three kilograms of hydrogen should be enough to drive a small car 500 km (300 miles) between fill-ups. 

Good morning. I rang earlier. I d like to rent a small car for the weekend. ... 

In the 1950s, the Volkswagen Beetle became a popular small car and by 1960 had sales of hundreds of thousands. Other economy cars included several compacts such as the Ford Falcon and Dodge Dart. In Europe, 50-... 

A 2002 report by the National Academy of Sciences stated that automobile fuel economy could be increased by 12% for small cars and up to 42% for large SUVs. The study did not include the greater use of diesels and hybrids. Other studies have indicated that even greater savings are possible while maintaining or increasing passenger safety. 

GM has a multi-year collaborative research agreement with ChevronTexaco to advance fuel cell technology and gasoline processing for fuel cell vehicles. This will accelerate GM s gasoline-fed fuel cell vehicle to retail customers. GM also has an agreement with Suzuki Motor Corporation to collaborate on fuel cell vehicle development, focusing on small cars. 

When you think about energy efficiency, what comes to mind You may think about taking the stairs instead of the elevator, choosing to drive a small car instead of a sport utility vehicle, or turning off lights when you are not using them. What, however, does efficiency really mean How do you quantify it ... 

Hi Guys. I have looked at the problem starting at the power source, that is, the alternator in your car. This is the only renewable (charging) source to run any ICE thus this is the principal limiter in a system design. Small cars have alternators producing about 60 amps at 15 volts + or -. Saloon cars run with about 80 amps and trucks or luxury cars 100 amps. This gives a total watts or power available as ... 

Fuel cells. Topics include both SOFC and PEM type fuel cells. Also R D for DMFC has been investigated. Emphasis was given to solving problems related to fulfilling the market requirements of the Sulzer Hexis SOFC. The main goal is to increase both reliability, lifetime, and the power conversion rate, while reducing costs. Considerable efforts were also invested in the development and demonstration of the PEM. Outcomes of this work include a 60 kW stack for cars demonstrated successfully in 2002 in the VW Bora and recently in a much improved car. The 1 kW-unit "Power Pac" is a standalone unit its PEM-stack has been demonstrated in various applications like boats and small cars (SAM). 

Ihe specific information used to provide estimates of activity levels varies with the emission source sector being examined. For utilities, fuel use is desired. For the industrial sector, information on fuel use alone is not adequate since many industrial process emissions do not result from fuel combustion. Usually, some approximation for product output, such as estimates of value added or earnings, is often used. For motor vehicle emissions, estimates of vehicle miles traveled is more useful than fuel use because most emissions are unrelated to vehicle efficiency, i.e., a small car emits about the same amount of pollution per mile as a larger car. 

The postwar European people s car also became a mark of national identity. The small cars of the 1950s had some features in common but they were all distinctive and created for the roads that had to carry them, such as the efficient autobahns of Germany or less developed rural roads of France. Few cars moved across national borders in these years. A number of low-priced bubble cars appeared but many of these were less than stable. 

Small cars such as the Cinquecento, also owns Alfa Romero, Ferrari and Maserati. 

P. Schoeggl, R. Schneider, P.L. Herzog "Aspects for Future Vehicle Drive Train Controls." 6th EAEC Int l. Congress "Lightweight and Small Cars. The Answer to Future Needs." 2-4 July 1997, Cemobbio, Italy... 

In the past eight years, while the international price of petroleum has increased 957%, the domestic composite price has increased 540% and the price of gasoline increased 300%. Because the highest rate of increase occurred in the past year, the effect has been a sharp market trend from large to small cars and in the American Buyer s requirement for a new car. 

Small" cars, of under 1.4 litres capacity, will generally be able to use lean-bum technology alone (although for some markets outside the EC, a catalyst solution may be necessary). Showroom price effects will be minimal, possibly in the order of 150 ECUs/dollars/(BFr 8.000) or less, depending on the type of electronic ignition equipment fitted. Servicing is unlikely to be different to today s cars, and fuel consumption may improve by 12% or so. This possible improvement is especially marked in comparison with the fuel consumption penalty associated with three-way catalysts. 

It is hoped that the second phase for small cars with introduction dates 1992/1993 and for which the emission levels still have to be decided will enable us to continue with the lean-bum technology. 

Concerning the particulates emissions for diesel passenger cars, the proposal is based on the US measurement method, transposed into the European test procedure and intended to be introduced in two stages, first large cars October 1, 1988 for new models and October 1, 1989 for new registrations, followed by medium and small cars from October 1991 for new models and 1993 for new registrations. 

If the European Community were to require the introduction of standards similar to those being introduced in the United States, it could continue to enjoy the benefits of the diesel engine while reducing the environmental consequences. For example, Figure 4 shows what could happen if US type standards were introduced in Europe. In making these projections, the US standards for commercial vehicles were assumed to be introduced in 1995, the large car standards in 1989 and the small car standards in 1993. 

ESTIMATION OF PARTICULATE EMISSIONS IN EUROPE FROM 1985 TO 2010. COMPARISON BETWEEN ECE COMMISSION PROPOSAL AND U.S. STANDARDS. (SMALL CARS )... 

The distribution varies from country to country with a very high percentage of small cars in Italy and France and relatively high diesel car populations in West Germany and Italy. 

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