Ethoxysulphates

Low cost Choose from the following most widely used ones soaps, linear alkylbenzene sulphonates (LABS), alcohol ethoxysulphates (AES), alcohol sulphates (AS), alkane or paraffin sulphonate (SAS), and alcohol ethoxylates (AE)... 

Empicol Series Fatty alcohol sulphates, ethoxysulphates, etc. 

Surfactants such as alkyl sulphates (AS), alkyl ethoxysulphates (AES) and linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS) are the major cleaning ingredients found in household and personal care products. The annual North American consumption volumes of AS and AES for 2003 were estimated to be 260 and 1,083 million pounds, respectively (Modler et al. 2004). 

The structure of surfactants determines considerably their behaviour at the interface between two immiscible liquids which differ considerably in their polarity. In practice, water or an aqueous electrolyte solution are most frequently considered as a polar phase, and hydrocarbons or their mixtures, e.g. oil fractions, as an apolar phase. In this connection, substances practically completely soluble in water are ascribed to the so-called water-soluble surfactants . Typical anionics are, depending on the polar group type, alkali metal salts, with a hydrocarbon tail of a length of C 2—C 8 Magnesium salts of alkyl ethoxysulphates are also partly soluble. Bivalent and trivalent metal derivatives of the same anionics are typically ascribed to oil-soluble surfactants. 

Optimum parameters for a successful accomplishment of the EOR process are defined in [239]. First, they can be realized in reservoirs consisting of sandstones, sands, carbonates or mixtures of these materials with a layer thickness of under 25 m and permeability of over 20 mD, containing crude oil with a viscosity of <60 mPa s. In this case, a formulation containing, along with alkali, 20 - 30 g/1 salts, ethoxysulphates and alkyl sulfonates, used for injection at a temperature below 80 °C. The authors are optimistic about the wide commercial use of EOR, since oil will remain the main energy source up to the second half of the 21 century. Surfactants can also be used to recover oil containing gas for the purpose of gas hydrate formation control [240]. 

In [260], preparation conditions of gas-blocking foams were studied. Experiments were performed on cores filled with 100-pm glass beads with a permeability of 8.5 D. In absence of surfactants, the gas passed easily as a jet through the core filled with water. With the surfactant sodium alkyl ethoxysulphate increased from 0.1 to 0,5 wt.%, a foam piston was formed which pushed the surfactant solution. To achieve a gas blockage, the porous medium must exceed a certain minimum length greater than the length of travel for the displacement front to... 

Sulphated anionic surfactants (fatty alcohol sulphates, alcohol ethoxysulphates)... 

Lindup WE, Nowell PT (1978) Role of sultone contaminants in an outbreak of allergic contact dermatitis caused by alkyl ethoxysulphates. Food Cosmetic Toxicol 16 59-62 Loveless SE, Ladies GS, Gerberick GF, et al. (1996) Further evaluation of the local lymph node assay in the final phase of an international collaborative trial. Toxicology 108 141-152 Marzulli FN, Maibach HI (1973) Antimicrobials Experimental contact sensitization in man. J Soc Cosmetic Chem 24 399-421 Marzulli FN, Maibach HI (1975) The rabbit as a model for evaluating skin irritants a comparison of results obtained on animals and man using repeated skin exposures. Food Cosmetic Toxicol 13 533-540... 

DOBANOL, sulphates and ethoxysulphates as shampoo bases". Technical Bulletin DI 3.2.2 (1985). 

Primary alcohol ethoxysulphates, lauryl ether sulphates (LES) quality, storage, handling and safety... 

The above factors have led to an increasing use of alcohol ethoxysulphates instead of alcohol sulphates in products like shampoos, dishwashing liquids, heavy duty liquids and bath products. The advantages of Cn Qs with 2-3 EO per mole alcohol ethoxysulphates are ... 

The presence of ethanol in an ethoxysulphate is acceptable if the ultimate end-product itself contains ethanol. For other applications such as toiletries, however, ethanol may be undesirable. Traditionally, such requirements were satisfied by the 25-30% AM products, but are now increasingly being met by nominal 70% AM products containing no added solubiliser. From the customer s point of view, such a product offers the advantage of lower transport and storage costs and also the opportunity to formulate a product of higher total active content than would otherwise be possible. 

A less obvious advantage of a 70% AM ethoxysulphate is its much greater resistance to bacteriological contamination than a conventional 25-30% AM material. 

For dilution of 70% AM product, the importance of following the correct procedure should be mentioned. As can be seen from figure 47, addition of water to a 70% AM ethoxysulphate will quickly reduce the active content to a point where the system adopts a middle (M) phase structure which is an almost-rigid gel, and very difficult to disperse in water. To avoid this problem, the high-active ethoxysulphate should be added slowly to water, preferably warm water (35-40 C) with continuous but not vigorous agitation. In this way, the mixture remains liquid and any particles of gel formed will soon dissolve. Similar remarks apply to the dilution of the 60% AM product, although here the presence of ethanol assists the dispersion of the gel. 

Transport of 70% ether sulphates is often carried out in drums. The drums should have removable polyethylene liners to ensure product quality. Care must also be exercised not to overheat the drums, because of potential damage to the polyethylene drum liners. Temperatures in excess of 50°C can cause the ethoxysulphate to hydrolyse and become corrosive. Transport in tankers can be considered but it is preferable to deaerate the product before tanker loading. 

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